| 1 |
a storm -- very bad weather with lots of rain, snow, wind: there was a terrible storm last night. |
| 2 |
a thunder -- the loud noise that comes from the sky during a storm: last night i was woken up by the thunder. |
| 3 |
a thunder -- a thunderstorm. |
| 4 |
lightning -- a bright light in the sky caused by electricity during a storm, usually followed by thunder: a man was hit by lightning las night. |
| 5 |
a gale -- a very strong wind: there will be gales in the south tonight. |
| 6 |
a hurricane -- a violent storm with extremely strong winds: dozens of houses were destroyed by last night's hurricane. |
| 7 |
a hurricane -- a typhoon -- a cyclone. |
| 8 |
a tornado -- an extremely strong and dangerous wind that blows in a circle and destroys buildings: there are often tornados in the Carribean in the summer. |
| 9 |
a tornado -- US a twister. |
| 10 |
a heat wave -- a period of unusually hot weather that continues for a long time: the heat wave in Texas has been going on for over a month. |
| 11 |
a blizzard -- a very bad snow storm with strong winds: we got stuck in a blizzard for six hours. |
| 12 |
a flood -- when a lot of water covers an area that is usually dry, especially when it rains a lot or a river becomes to full: there have been floods in many parts of India. |
| 13 |
a tsunami -- an extremely large wave that can cause a lot of damage when it hits the coast: the tsunami in Asia was one of the most powerful ever recorded. |
| 14 |
an earthquake -- a sudden violent movement of the Earth's surface, often causing a lot of damage: in 1906 parts of San Francisco were destroyed by a huge earthquake. |
| 15 |
a drought -- a long period of time with no rain and not enough water for plants and animals: the drought in north Africa has continued for over six months. |
| 16 |
a landslide -- when a large quantity of rocks and earth falls down the side of a mountain: the landslide closed the road through the mountains for over a month. |
| 17 |
prevent. prevention. |
| 18 |
melt. |
| 19 |
deep. |
| 20 |
evaporate. a (volcanic) evaporation. |
| 21 |
erupt. eruption. |
| 22 |
coastal. |
| 23 |
the sea level. |
| 24 |
the most likely. |
| 25 |
man-made. |
| 26 |
in active sentences the focus is on the person or thing doing the action. |
| 27 |
is passive sentences the focus is on the result of the action. |
| 28 |
in passive sentences we can us 'by' + 'the agent' to say what or who does the action. |
| 29 |
we often use the passive when we are more interested in what happens to someone or sth than in who or what did the action: droughts often happen because all the trees have been cut down. |
| 30 |
we make negative passive sentences by using the negative form of be: it isn't caused, they haven't been cut down. |
| 31 |
we can use other modal verbs (could, must, should, etc.) in passive verb forms: many people could be made homeless. |
| 32 |
the adjective for storm is stormy. |
| 33 |
thunder and lightning are uncountable nouns. |
| 34 |
we say thunder and lightning, not lightning and thunder. |
| 35 |
flood can be a noun and a verb. the adjective is flooded. |
| 36 |
heat wave is sometimes written as one word heatwave. |
| 37 |
a melting iceberg. |
| 38 |
we only use 'by + the agent' when this is important or unusual information. |
| 39 |
we don't usually use 'by + the agent' when the agent is clear from the context: twelve people were arrested (by the police -- clear). |
| 40 |
we can also make questions in the passive using different forms of the auxiliary be: was he arrested? where is your car being serviced? |
| 41 |
there's a 1 in 3 million chance.. |
| 42 |
spend outdoors. |
| 43 |
on different occasions. |
| 44 |
lightning strike. |
| 45 |
stomach burns: he wat taken to hospital with chest and stomach burns. |
| 46 |
forest fire. |
| 47 |
human activity. |
| 48 |
a bottle of milk. |
| 49 |
a bottle of beer. |
| 50 |
a bottle of ketchup. |
| 51 |
a bottle of olive oil. |
| 52 |
a bottle of lemonade. |
| 53 |
a bottle of wine. |
| 54 |
a bottle of orange juice. |
| 55 |
a bag of rice. |
| 56 |
a bag of sweets. |
| 57 |
a bag of potatoes. |
| 58 |
a bag of crisps (UK). a bag of chips (US). |
| 59 |
a tin of tuna. |
| 60 |
a tin of sardines. |
| 61 |
a tin of biscuits. |
| 62 |
a tin of cat food. |
| 63 |
a tin of dog food. |
| 64 |
a tin of soup. |
| 65 |
a tin of beans. |
| 66 |
a box of washing powder. |
| 67 |
a box of chocolates. |
| 68 |
a box of tissues. |
| 69 |
a box of matches. |
| 70 |
a can of beer. |
| 71 |
a can of lemonade. |
| 72 |
a can of cola. |
| 73 |
a jar of honey. |
| 74 |
a jar of jam. |
| 75 |
a jar of marmalade. |
| 76 |
a jar of olives. |
| 77 |
a jar of coffee. |
| 78 |
a packet of biscuits. |
| 79 |
a packet of sweets. |
| 80 |
a packet of soup. |
| 81 |
a packet of beans. |
| 82 |
a packet of tissues. |
| 83 |
a packet of crisps (UK). a packet of chips (US probably) |
| 84 |
a packet of cigarettes. |
| 85 |
a packet of pasta. |
| 86 |
a carton of milk. |
| 87 |
a carton of orange juice. |
| 88 |
a carton of tomato juice. |
| 89 |
a carton of soup. |
| 90 |
we usually use a tin for food (a tin of tomatoes). |
| 91 |
we usually use a can for drinks (a can of cola). |
| 92 |
marmalade is made from citrus fruit (oranges, etc.). |
| 93 |
jam is made from soft fruit (strawberries, etc.). |
| 94 |
crisps (uk) = chips (us) -- thin cold fried potatoes that are often sold in bags. |
| 95 |
chips (uk) = French fries (us) -- hot fried potatoes that are often eaten with meals. |
| 96 |
a box of chocolates, but a bar of chocolate. |
| 97 |
sweets (uk) = candy (us). |
| 98 |
recycling laws. |
| 99 |
recycling (adj). |
| 100 |
not quite. |
| 101 |
you get ready: you get ready, we'll make it. |
| 102 |
here you go, kitty. |
| 103 |
body weight. |
| 104 |
you seem to know a lot about all this. |
| 105 |
won't be a second. |
| 106 |
pasta (u). |
| 107 |
sugar (u). |
| 108 |
milk (u). |
| 109 |
rubbish (u). |
| 110 |
paper (u). |
| 111 |
information (u). |
| 112 |
progress (u). |
| 113 |
hardly any -- about thing. hardly ever about time. |
| 114 |
we can say 'there aren't any biscuits or there are no biscuits'. |
| 115 |
we can say 'there isn't any sugar or there's no sugar'. |
| 116 |
not many, hardly any and not much have a negative meaning. |
| 117 |
several, a few, a bit of, a little have a positive meaning. |
| 118 |
several is usually more than a few. |
| 119 |
loads of is more informal than a lot of and lots of. |
| 120 |
not + enough + noun: there aren't enough places. |
| 121 |
not + adjective + noun: it isn't big enough. |
| 122 |
enough + noun: there's enough milk. |
| 123 |
adjective + noun: that's hot enough. |
| 124 |
we usually use some in positive sentences: i've found some coffee. |
| 125 |
we usually use any in negative sentences and questions: there isn't any sugar. is there any milk? |
| 126 |
we don't usually use much and many in positive sentences: there's a lot of stuff here; i've got lots of old books. |
| 127 |
check students remember that we use some and any with plural countable nouns (biscuits, beans, etc.) and with uncountable nouns (pasta, milk). |
| 128 |
we often use some in questions with would you like..?: would you like some coffee? |
| 129 |
quantifiers. |
| 130 |
quantity. |
| 131 |
nothing -- plural countable nouns: not any; no. |
| 132 |
nothing -- uncountable nouns: not any; no. |
| 133 |
a small quantity -- plural countable nouns: not many; hardly any; a few; several. |
| 134 |
a small quantity -- uncountable nouns: a bit of; a little; not much; hardly any. |
| 135 |
a large quantity -- plural countable nouns: a lot of; lots of; loads of; plenty of. |
| 136 |
a large quantity -- uncountable nouns: a lot of; lots of; loads of; plenty of. |
| 137 |
more than we want -- plural countable nouns: too many. |
| 138 |
more than we want -- uncountable nouns: too much. |
| 139 |
less than we want -- plural countable nouns: not enough. |
| 140 |
less than we want -- uncountable nouns: not enough. |
| 141 |
the correct quantity -- plural countable nouns: enough. |
| 142 |
the correct quantity -- uncountable nouns: enough. |
| 143 |
rubbish. |
| 144 |
recycling bins. |
| 145 |
cycle lanes. |
| 146 |
public transport. |
| 147 |
places to go at night. |
| 148 |
reach a speed of. |
| 149 |
a few words of French. |
| 150 |
there's no time left. |
| 151 |
recycling bin. |
| 152 |
room: there's hardly any room in the recycling bin now. |
| 153 |
a shark. |
| 154 |
attack. |
| 155 |
bite bit bitten. |
| 156 |
oxygen. |
| 157 |
off the coast: a british tourist has been attacked by a shark off the coast of texas. |
| 158 |
go over live. |
| 159 |
how badly..?: how badly was he hurt? |
| 160 |
he's doing: and we're waiting to hear how he's doing. |
| 161 |
turn: so what turns an area of the ocean into a dead zone? |
| 162 |
it's us: i'm afraid, it's us, Beverly, people. |
| 163 |
stay out of the water. |
| 164 |
holidaymaker: but they've advised holidaymakers not to go swimming early in the morning or in the evening. |
| 165 |
we usually link words that end in a consonant sound with words that start with a vowel sound. |
| 166 |
when a word ends in a vowel sound and the next word also starts with a vowel sound, we often link these words with a /w/, /j/, or /r/ sound. |
| 167 |
words end in /u:/, /e'u"/, /au"/ -- linking sound /w/. |
| 168 |
words end in /i/, /i:/, /ai/ -- linking sound /j/. |
| 169 |
words end in /e'/, /з:/, /c:'/, /ee'/ -- linking sound /r/. |
| 170 |
conscious. |
| 171 |
estimate. |
| 172 |
a park ranger. |
| 173 |
harm. |
| 174 |
a lifeguard. |
| 175 |
attach. |
| 176 |
at the beach. |
| 177 |
a two-metre-long male shark. |
| 178 |
bite off: which bit off his right arm from the shoulder. |
| 179 |
the kiss of life. |
| 180 |
reattach: his medical team managed to reattach Jesse's arm. |
| 181 |
over-optimistic. |
| 182 |
incorrect. |
| 183 |
harmless. |
| 184 |
uncommon. |
| 185 |
irresponsible. |
| 186 |
shoot: one of the two park rangers shot the shark. |
| 187 |
we often use the prefixes un-, dis-, im-, in-, and ir- to make opposites of words. |
| 188 |
believable ~ unbelievable. |
| 189 |
conscious ~ unconscious. |
| 190 |
selfish ~ unselfish. |
| 191 |
reliable ~ unreliable. |
| 192 |
ambitious ~ unambitious. |
| 193 |
helpful ~ unhelpful. |
| 194 |
usual ~ unusual. |
| 195 |
common ~ uncommon. |
| 196 |
patient ~ impatient. |
| 197 |
polite ~ impolite. |
| 198 |
mature ~ immature. |
| 199 |
possible ~ impossible. |
| 200 |
considerate ~ inconsiderate. |
| 201 |
formal ~ informal. |
| 202 |
sensitive ~ insensitive. |
| 203 |
correct ~ incorrect. |
| 204 |
honest ~ dishonest. |
| 205 |
organised ~ disorganised. |
| 206 |
loyal ~ disloyal. |
| 207 |
similar ~ dissimilar. |
| 208 |
appear ~ disappear. |
| 209 |
regular ~ irregular. |
| 210 |
responsible ~ irresponsible. |
| 211 |
we can use these prefixes to make opposites of adjectives and verbs. |
| 212 |
adjectives beginning with 'p' usually take the prefix 'im': patient ~ impatient. |
| 213 |
adjectives beginning with 'r' usually take the prefix 'ir': responsible ~ irresponsible. |
| 214 |
prefix 'under-' ~ meaning 'not enough': underestimate. |
| 215 |
prefix 're-' ~ meaning 'do sth again': reattack. |
| 216 |
prefix 'over-' ~ meaning 'too much': over-optimistic. |
| 217 |
suffix '-ful' ~ meaning 'with': hopeful. |
| 218 |
suffix '-less' ~ meaning 'without': harmless. |
| 219 |
paid ~ underpaid. |
| 220 |
paid ~ repaid. |
| 221 |
paid ~ overpaid. |
| 222 |
write ~ rewrite. |
| 223 |
pain ~ painful. |
| 224 |
pain ~ painless. |
| 225 |
sleep ~ sleepless. |
| 226 |
sleep ~ oversleep. |
| 227 |
charge ~ undercharge. |
| 228 |
charge ~ recharge. |
| 229 |
charge ~ overcharge. |
| 230 |
care ~ careless. |
| 231 |
care ~ careful. |
| 232 |
marry ~ remarry. |
| 233 |
success ~ successful. |
| 234 |
the opposite of successful is unseccessful. |
| 235 |
play ~ playful. |
| 236 |
play ~ replay. |
| 237 |
use ~ useful. |
| 238 |
use ~ reuse. |
| 239 |
use ~ overuse. |
| 240 |
use ~ useless. |
| 241 |
use ~ underuse. |
| 242 |
helpful ~ unhelpful -- means not helpful. |
| 243 |
help ~ helpless -- means not able to do things for yourself or protect yourself: a baby is helpless without its mother. |
| 244 |
estimate can be a verb (eit) or a noun (e't). |
| 245 |
harm can be a verb or an uncountable noun. |
| 246 |
killer whale ~ orca. |
| 247 |
pod: orcas live in groups called 'pods'. |
| 248 |
accurate ~ inaccurate. |
| 249 |
fair ~ unfair. |
| 250 |
grey whale. calf -- a young whale: a BBC TV programme filmed a pod hunting and killing a grey whale and its calf. |
| 251 |
tire ~ tireless. |
| 252 |
the total worldwide population. |
| 253 |
in particular,. |
| 254 |
food supplies. |
| 255 |
introduce ~ reintroduce. |
| 256 |
fishing ~ overfishing. |
| 257 |
a tent. |
| 258 |
a camping stove. |
| 259 |
waterproof clothing. |
| 260 |
a rucksack. |
| 261 |
a compass. |
| 262 |
a sleeping bag. |
| 263 |
walking boots. |
| 264 |
spare batteries. |
| 265 |
a torch. |
| 266 |
the GPS. |
| 267 |
don't lose sight of each other. |
| 268 |
watch out for wolves. |
| 269 |
that sounds fun. |
| 270 |
we give warnings when we think sth might be dangerous. |
| 271 |
asking for advice ~ could you give me some advice? |
| 272 |
asking for advice ~ what (else) do you think we should..? |
| 273 |
asking for advice ~ what should we do..? |
| 274 |
asking for advice ~ do you think it's a good idea..? |
| 275 |
giving advice ~ if i were you, i'd.. |
| 276 |
giving advice ~ make sure you.. |
| 277 |
giving advice ~ it's a good idea.. |
| 278 |
giving advice ~ don't forget.. |
| 279 |
giving advice ~ it's worth.. |
| 280 |
giving advice ~ you'd better.. in case.. |
| 281 |
giving warnings ~ don't.. or else.. |
| 282 |
giving warnings ~ whatever you do, (don't lose sight of each other). |
| 283 |
giving warnings ~ be careful when.. |
| 284 |
giving warnings ~ watch out for.. |
| 285 |
responding to advice or warnings ~ that's really useful, thanks. |
| 286 |
responding to advice or warnings ~ that's a good idea. i hadn't thought of that. |
| 287 |
responding to advice or warnings ~ right, thanks. that's really helpful. |
| 288 |
responding to advice or warnings ~ that sounds like good advice. |
| 289 |
if i were you, i'd + infinitive. |
| 290 |
you'd better (you had better) + infinitive. |
| 291 |
it's a good idea + infinitive with to. |
| 292 |
don't forget + infinitive with to. |
| 293 |
it's worth + verb+ing. |
| 294 |
whatever you do, + imperative (usually the negative imperative). |
| 295 |
waterproof clothing -- is a general phrase for clothes that keep you dry and we can say a waterproof jacket, waterproof trousers, etc. |
| 296 |
we can say a rucksack or a backpack. |
| 297 |
gps -- global positioning system. |
| 298 |
if i were you, i'd be a new tent (native often miss out the first clause: i'd buy a new tent). |
| 299 |
we often use 'in case' to give reasons why we're doing sth: you'd better take a torch in case you have to walk in the dark. |
| 300 |
we often use 'just in case' when the reason is obvious: it's worth taking a compass, just in case (= in case you get lost). |
| 301 |
after 'be careful' we often use of + noun: be careful of snakes. |
| 302 |
after 'if i were you, i'd..' and 'you'd better..' we use the infinitive: if i were you, i'd buy a new tent; you'd better take a torch |
| 303 |
after "it's a good idea.." and "don't forget.." we use the infinitive with to: it's a good idea to take some waterproof clothing; don't forget to take a map. |
| 304 |
after "it's worth.." we use verb+ing: it's worth taking a compass. |
| 305 |
after "whatever you do,.." we use the imperative (usually the negative imperative): whatever you do, don't lose sight of each other. |
| 306 |
hold onto sth. |
| 307 |
a lifejacket. |
| 308 |
suncream. |
| 309 |
get burnt. |
| 310 |
better safe than sorry. |
| 311 |
ferry. |
| 312 |
book a hotel. |
| 313 |
travelling around. |
| 314 |
buying tickets. |
| 315 |
taxis. |
| 316 |
travelling at night. |
| 317 |
local food. |
| 318 |
good/bad restaurants and cafes. |
| 319 |
things to bring with you. |
| 320 |
things to buy. |
| 321 |
driving. |
| 322 |
dangerous areas of the town/city. |
| 323 |
using your phone. |
| 324 |
body language. |
| 325 |
how to be polite. |
| 326 |
when's the best time? |
| 327 |
sensitive ~ insensitive. |
| 328 |
have a good trip! |
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