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** |
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1A |
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** |
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Question formation: |
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^ we make questions with tenses where there's an auxiliary verb (be, have, etc.) and with modal verbs (must, should, etc.) by inverting the subject and the auxiliary / modal verb. with the present and past simple, we add the auxiliary verb do / does or did before the subject. |
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^ we often use negative questions to show surprise when we expect somebody to agree with us, or to check whether something is true. |
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^ is a verb normally followed by a preposition, e.g. talk about something, the preposition comes at the end of the question, not at the beginning. |
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^ we often just use the question word and the preposition: |
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a) a. i'm thinking b. what about? |
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^ when who / what / which, etc. is the subject of questions in the present or past simple, we don't use do / did, e.g. |
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a) who wrote this? |
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* |
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Examples: |
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^ how long have you been waiting? |
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^ how many children does your sister have? |
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^ should we buy her a present? |
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^ why didn't you like the film? |
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^ isn't this a beautiful place? |
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^ don't you have to be at school today? |
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^ what are they talking about? |
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^ who does this bag belong to? |
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^ who lives in that house? |
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^ how many people follow you on Twitter? |
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* |
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Indirect questions: |
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- Examples: |
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^ could you tell me what time the shop next door opens? |
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^ do you know if (whether) mark's coming to the meeting? |
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- we use indirect questions when we want to ask a question in a more polite way |
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- we begin with a phrase such as: |
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^ can / could you tell me..? |
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^ do you know..? |
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^ do you think..? |
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^ do you remember..? |
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^ would you mind telling me..? |
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^ do you have any idea..? |
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- compare: |
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^ what time does the post office open? (direct question) |
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^ could you tell me what time the post office opens? (indirect question) |
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- in indirect questions, the order is subject + verb: |
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^ can you tell me where it is? |
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- we don't use do / did in the second part of the question: |
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^ do you know where he lives? |
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- you can use if or whether in questions without a question word and after: |
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^ can you tell me |
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^ do you know |
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Other Expressions followed by the word order of indirect questions: |
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- the word order of indirect questions is used after: |
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^ i wonder.. |
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a) i wonder why they didn't come. |
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^ i'm not sure.. |
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a) i'm not sure what time it starts. |
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^ i can't remember.. |
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a) i can't remember where i left my phone. |
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^ i'd like to know.. |
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a) i'd like to know what time you're coming home. |
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Complete the questions with the words in brackets: |
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- where did you go on holiday last year? |
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- how often do you usually exercise? |
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- who wrote oliver twist? |
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- could you tell me how much this book costs? |
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- i can't remember where i parked my car this morning. |
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- did you enjoy your trip to paris last weekend? |
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- what kind of work does your sister do? |
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- who ate / has eaten the last biscuit? |
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- do you know what time the swimming pool opens on saturdays? |
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- why didn't / doesn't your sister like the present you give her? |
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- do you have to play your music so loud? i can't concentrate. |
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
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1B |
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
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Auxiliary Verbs: |
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Examples: |
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- I like cats, but my husband doesn't. |
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- Sally's coming tonight, but Angela isn't. |
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- |
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^ a: I loved his latest film |
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^ b: So did I |
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^ a: I haven't finished the book yet |
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^ b: Neither (Nor) have I |
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^ Andrew's a doctor and so is his wife |
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- |
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^ a: I don't like shopping online |
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^ b: I do. I buy a lot of my clothes online |
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- |
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^ a: i went to a psychic yesterday |
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^ b: did you? |
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^ a: i'll make dinner tonight |
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^ b: will you? that's great! |
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- |
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^ a: you didn't lock the door! |
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^ b: i did lock it; i know i did. |
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^ a: silvia isn't coming. |
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^ b: she is coming. i've just spoken to her. |
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- you won't forget, will you? |
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- she can speak italian? can't she? |
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- We use auxiliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs (can, must, etc.): |
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^ avoid repeating the main verb / verb phrase, e.g. |
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^ |
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a) with so and neither to say that someone or something is the same |
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b) use so + auxiliary + subject to respond to a statement with a positive verb and neither (or nor) + auxiliary + subject to respond to a statement with a negative verb |
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^ we use a positive auxiliary verb after neither (or nor), e.g. neither did i |
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^ to respond to a statement and say that you (or sb or sth) are different |
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^ to make 'reply questions'. these often show interest or surprise |
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^ |
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a) to show emphasis in a positive sentence, often when you want to contradict what sb says |
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b) with the present / past simple, we add do / does / did before the main verb |
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c) with other auxiliaries, e.g. be, have, will, the auxiliary verb is stressed and not contracted |
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^ to make question tags, we use a positive auxiliary with a negative verb, and a negative auxiliary with a positive verb |
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^ |
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a) question tags are often used simply to ask another person to agree with you, e.g. it's a nice day, isn't it? |
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b) in this case, the question tag is said with falling intonation, i.e. the voice goes down |
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^ |
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a) question tags can also be used to check sth you think is true, e.g. She's a painter, isn't she? |
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b) In this case, the question tag is said with rising intonation, as in a normal yes / no question |
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Complete the mini-conversations with an auxiliary or modal verb |
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^ |
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a: you didn't remember to buy coffee |
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b: i did remember. it's in the cupboard |
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^ |
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a: he's booked the flights. hasn't he? |
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b: yes, i think so |
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^ |
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a: it's hot today. isn't it? |
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b: yes, it's boiling. |
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^ |
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a: why don't you like classical music? |
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b: i do like it, but it isn't my favourite. |
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^ |
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a: i wouldn't like to be a celebrity |
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b: neither would i |
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^ |
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a: mike is arriving tomorrow |
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b: is he? i thought he was arriving today |
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^ |
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a: what did you think of the film? |
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b: tom liked it, but i didn't. i thought it was awful |
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^ |
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a: emma doesn't like me. |
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b: she does like you. she just doesn't want to go out with you. |
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^ |
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a: are you a vegetarian? |
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b: yes, i am, and so is my boyfriend. |
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^ |
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a: you'll remember to call me, won't you? |
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b: yes, of course. |
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^ |
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i really want to go to egypt, but my boyfriend doesn't. he hates the heat. |
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Complete the conversation with a suitable auxiliary verb |
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^ |
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a: you're tom's sister. aren't you? |
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b: yes, i'm carla |
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a: it's a great club, isn't it? |
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b: well, it's ok. but i don't like the music much |
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a: don't you! i love it. i've never been here before |
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b: neither have i. i don't go clubbing very often. |
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a: oh, don't you! i do. in fact, i usually go most weekends |
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b: do you? i can't afford to go out every weekend |
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a: i didn't see you at tom's birthday party last saturday. why didn't you go? |
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b: i do go, but i arrived really late because my car broke down |
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a: oh, that's why i didn't see you. i left early. |
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b: i fancy a drink. i'm really thirsty after all that dancing |
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a: so am i. let's go to the bar |
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Reacting to what sb says: |
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- when you ask someone question and they answer, it is normal to show interest or sympathy. you can use: |
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^ expressions such as: |
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a) oh, really? |
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b) i'm sorry. |
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c) what a shame! |
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^ exclamations such as: |
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a) wow! |
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b) me too! |
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c) how interesting! |
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^ follow-up questions such as: |
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a) why (not)? |
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b) why is that? |
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c) why do you say that? |
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Guessing the meaning of new words or phrases: |
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- if it isn't possible to check the meaning in a dictionary, think about: |
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^ the context (i.e. the other words around it) |
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^ what part of speech the individual words are (i.e. a verb, a noun, etc.) |
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^ whether it's similar to another english word you know |
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^ whether it's similar to a word in your language |
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- if you still can't work out what the word or phrase means, ignore it and carry on reading. |
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Reacting to a story about sth strange |
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- when sb talks about sth strange or difficult to explain, we often react with these phrases |
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^ how / that's | strange / bizarre / odd / weird / spooky |
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^ what a weird story / amazing coincidence |
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Grammar in context the.., the.. + comparatives |
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- Examples: |
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^ the bigger the animal, the more problems you have; |
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^ the harder and more resistant the cup is, the stronger your relationship is. |
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- use 'the' + comparative adjective or adverb, or the more / less (+noun) to show that one thing depends on another, e.g.: |
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^ the earlier we start, the sooner we'll finish ~ if we start early, we'll finish early |
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^ the more money you spend now, the less you'll have for your holiday ~ if you spend a lot of money now, you'll have less for your holiday. |
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Compound adjectives |
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- compound adjectives have two parts |
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- the second part often ends in -ed or -ing: |
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^ good-natured |
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^ hard-working |
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- the words are normally linked by hyphens |
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