| Absolute bioavailability |
| Fraction of the administered dose of a drug from a dosage form absorbed intact into the systemic circulation. See also bioavailability, relative availability. |
| Absorption (in pharmaceutics) |
| Process by which a drug moves from its site of administration, usually across biological membranes, to the systemic circulation or its site of action in the body. Note: Systemic absorption: uptake to the blood and transport via the blood of a substance to an organ or compartment in the body distant from the site of absorption. |
| Active transport of drugs |
| Carriage of a solute across a biological membrane, which requires a suitable carrier and the expenditure of energy. |
| Adjuvant |
| 1. Additive with no intended pharmacological action, used in the formulation of dosage forms. |
| 2. In pharmacology, a substance added to a drug to speed or increase the action of the main component. |
| 3. In immunology, a substance (such as aluminum hydroxide) or an organism (such as killed mycobacterium) that increases the response to an antigen. |
| Administration (of a substance) |
| Introduction of a substance to an organism by a defined route. |
| Administration of drugs, ocular route |
| Administration of drugs through the eye. |
| Note 1: Drugs used to treat eye disorders can be administered as liquid or semi-solid dosage forms. Solid inserts, which release the drug in slow-release pattern, are also available. |
| Note 2: Ocular drugs are almost always used for their local effects. Some drugs produce a local effect after they are absorbed through the cornea and conjunctiva. Some of these drugs then enter the bloodstream and may have unwanted or wanted systemic effects. |
| Administration of drugs, oral route |
| Administration of drugs through the mouth to swallow. |
| Note 1: This is the most convenient and popular administration route. |
| Note 2: Per-oral products can be powders, granules, uncoated or coated tablets, capsules, and liquids (solutions, emulsions, and suspensions). Liquids for oral use may contain antimicrobial preservatives and are supplied in multi- or single-dose containers. |
| Note 3: It differs from intraoral administration. |
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