| 1 |
Limestone is the main ingredient of cement. Firstly, it is extracted from the ground. Then, at the factory, it is heated to a high temperature with other ingredients. After this, it is cooled with blasts of cold air. |
| 2 |
When warm air reaches high ground, it is forced to rise, and, as a result, it cools. Moisture in the air condenses to form rain. |
| 3 |
Some rock formations hold large amounts of water. When it rains, the tiny spaces in the rock gradually fill with water so that the rock becomes saturated. The top of this saturated zone is called the water table. If long periods of rain occur, the water table rises. If there is no rain, the rock begins to dry out and the water table falls. |
| 4 |
The production of a motorcycle involves various stages. After the motorcycle is designed, a prototype is made and tested. The motorcycle is then manufactured. After this, it is exported and sold. |
| 5 |
The diagram shows the various stages in the production of bread. First of all, the wheat is planted, and later the crop is harvested. The wheat is transported to the mill where it is made into flour. The flour is bought by a baker. Later the bread is baked and sold. |
| 6 |
The diagrams show the process by which coal was formed over a period of millions of years. First of all, large plants lived in enormous swamps a long time ago. These died and dropped to the bottom of the water. Over the years, the dead plants formed a layer, which became deeper and deeper. More and more earth and dirt built up on top of this layer. Subsequently, this layer was covered by rocks and dirt, and so the energy of the dead plants was trapped underneath. As the pressure and the heat grew over time, the layer of dead plants turned into coal. Seams of coal were formed, and coal is now mined. |
| 7 |
The diagram shows the various stages in the production of clean energy from coal. First of all, the coal is mined in deep pits underground and then carried to the surface. After that, it is carried along a conveyor belt to a power plant, where it is burned in a large furnace to which oxygen is added. From this, raw syngas is produced. At the next stage of the process, harmful substances like carbon dioxide, mercury, and sulphur are removed. Following that, the purified gas is used to drive a gas turbine. The turbine in turn powers a generator, producing electricity. The gas turbine also produces hot exhaust gases. These are then piped to a heat recovery steam generator, which converts the heat into steam. The steam is subsequently used to power a steam turbine, which again is used to generate electricity. The energy is clean because harmful products are removed and the coal is not transported to another site to produce electricity. |
| 8 |
The three pie charts illustrate how many articles from academic journals are read weekly by PhD students and junior lecturers compared to other students at an Australian university. For examples, the overwhelming majority of those studying doctorates read at least twelve articles per week in comparison with the average student. The figures were 80 per cent and twelve per cent respectively. Furthermore, only five per cent of PhD level students read between one and five articles, whereas the average for all students in this category is a hefty 67 per cent. Meanwhile, for junior lecturers the pattern appears to be slightly different. Most read six or more articles per week (99 per cent), but out of this total 24 per cent read twelve or more, which is almost a third of the corresponding figure for PhD level students. It is clear that those students who are researching for a PhD read more articles than either junior lecturers or other students. |
| 9 |
There is a large residential area between the small lake and the park. A road runs alongside the border of the park. To the south of the river, a new hotel has been constructed. Greystones, which has a population of 50,000, is situated south of Dublin on the seaside. This plan proposes to build a playground in the south-west part of the park. The airport is currently located north-east of the town.It will be moved to the west of the park where there is more space. |
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