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arch uname -m uname -r dmidecode -q hdparm -i dev hda hdparm -tT dev sda cat proc cpuinfo cat proc interrupts cat proc meminfo cat proc swaps cat proc version cat proc net dev cat proc mounts lspci -tv lsusb -tv date cal 2007 date 041217002007.00 clock -w Остановка системы shutdown -h now init 0 telinit 0 shutdown -h hours:minutes & shutdown -c shutdown -r now reboot logout Файлы и директории cd home cd .. cd .. .. cd cd ~user cd - pwd ls ls -F ls -l ls -a ls * 0-9 * tree lstree mkdir dir1 mkdir dir1 dir2 mkdir -p tmp dir1 dir2 rm -f file1 rmdir dir1 rm -rf dir1 rm -rf dir1 dir2 mv dir1 new_dir cp file1 file2 cp dir * . cp -a tmp dir1 . cp -a dir1 dir2 ln -s file1 lnk1 ln file1 lnk1 touch -t 0712250000 fileditest Поиск файлов find -name file1 find -user user1 find home user1 -name "*.bin" find usr bin -type f -atime +100 find usr bin -type f -mtime -10 find -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' ; find -xdev -name "*.rpm" locate "*.ps" whereis halt which halt Монтирование файловых систем mount dev hda2 mnt hda2 umount dev hda2 fuser -km mnt hda2 umount -n mnt hda2 mount dev fd0 mnt floppy mount dev cdrom mnt cdrom mount dev hdc mnt cdrecorder mount -o loop file.iso mnt cdrom mount -t vfat dev hda5 mnt hda5 mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass winclient share mnt share mount -o bind home user prg var ftp user Дисковое пространство df -h ls -lSr more du -sh dir1 du -sk * sort -rn rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE} t%{NAME} n' sort -k1,1n dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10} t${Package} n' sort -k1,1n Пользователи и группы groupadd group_name groupdel group_name groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name useradd -c "Nome Cognome" -g admin -d home user1 -s bin bash user1 useradd user1 userdel -r user1 usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d ftp user1 -s bin nologin user1 passwd passwd user1 chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 pwck grpck newgrp - group_name Выставление изменение полномочий на файлы ls -lh ls tmp pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS chmod ugo+rwx directory1 chmod go-rwx directory1 chown user1 file1 chown -R user1 directory1 chgrp group1 file1 chown user1:group1 file1 find -perm -u+s chmod u+s bin binary_file chmod u-s bin binary_file chmod g+s home public chmod g-s home public chmod o+t home public chmod o-t home public Специальные атрибуты файлов chattr +a file1 chattr +c file1 chattr +d file1 chattr +i file1 chattr +s file1 chattr +S file1 chattr +u file1 lsattr Архивирование и сжатие файлов bunzip2 file1.bz2 gunzip file1.gz gzip file1 bzip2 file1 gzip -9 file1 rar a file1.rar test_file rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 unrar x file1.rar tar -cvf archive.tar file1 tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 tar -tf archive.tar tar -xvf archive.tar tar -xvf archive.tar -C tmp tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz zip file1.zip file1 zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 unzip file1.zip RPM пакеты (Fedora, Red Hat и тому подобное) rpm -ivh package.rpm rpm -ivh --nodeps package.rpm rpm -U package.rpm rpm -F package.rpm rpm -e package_name.rpm rpm -qa rpm -qa grep httpd rpm -qi package_name rpm -qg "System Environment Daemons" rpm -ql package_name rpm -qc package_name rpm -q package_name --whatrequires rpm -q package_name --whatprovides rpm -q package_name --scripts rpm -q package_name --changelog rpm -qf etc httpd conf httpd.conf rpm -qp package.rpm -l rpm --import media cdrom RPM-GPG-KEY rpm --checksig package.rpm rpm -qa gpg-pubkey rpm -V package_name rpm -Va rpm -Vp package.rpm rpm2cpio package.rpm cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* rpm -ivh usr src redhat RPMS 'arch' package.rpm rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm YUM - средство обновления пакетов(Fedora, RedHat и тому подобное) yum install package_name yum update yum update package_name yum remove package_name yum list yum search package_name yum clean packages yum clean headers yum clean all DEB пакеты (Debian, Ubuntu и тому подобное) dpkg -i package.deb dpkg -r package_name dpkg -l dpkg -l grep httpd dpkg -s package_name dpkg -L package_name dpkg --contents package.deb dpkg -S bin ping APT - средство управление пакетами (Debian, Ubuntu и тому подобное) apt-get install package_name apt-cdrom install package_name apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get remove package_name apt-get purge package_name apt-get check apt-get clean apt-get autoclean Просмотр содержимого файлов cat file1 tac file1 more file1 less file1 head -2 file1 tail -2 file1 tail -f var log messages Манипуляции с текстом cat file grep -i "Criteria" > result.txt cat file grep -i "Criteria" >> result.txt grep Aug var log messages grep ^Aug var log messages grep 0-9 var log messages grep Aug -R var log * sed 's stringa1 stringa2 g' example.txt sed ' ^$ d' example.txt sed ' *# d; ^$ d' example.txt echo 'test' tr ' :lower: ' ' :upper: ' sed -e '1d' result.txt sed -n ' string1 p' sed -e 's *$ ' example.txt sed -e 's string1 g' example.txt sed -n '1,8p;5q' example.txt sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt sed -e 's 0* 0 g' example.txt cat -n file1 cat example.txt awk 'NR%2==1' echo a b c awk '{print $1}' echo a b c awk '{print $1,$3}' paste file1 file2 paste -d '+' file1 file2 sort file1 file2 sort file1 file2 uniq sort file1 file2 uniq -u sort file1 file2 uniq -d comm -1 file1 file2 comm -2 file1 file2 comm -3 file1 file2 Преобразование наборов символов и файловых форматов dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html recode -l more Анализ файловых систем badblocks -v dev hda1 fsck dev hda1 fsck.ext2 dev hda1 e2fsck dev hda1 e2fsck -j dev hda1 fsck.ext3 dev hda1 fsck.vfat dev hda1 fsck.msdos dev hda1 dosfsck dev hda1 Форматирование файловых систем mkfs dev hda1 mke2fs dev hda1 mke2fs -j dev hda1 mkfs -t vfat 32 -F dev hda1 fdformat -n dev fd0 mkswap dev hda3 swap-пространство mkswap dev hda3 swapon dev hda3 swapon dev hda2 dev hdb3 Создание резервных копий (backup) dump -0aj -f tmp home0.bak home dump -1aj -f tmp home0.bak home restore -if tmp home0.bak rsync -rogpav --delete home tmp rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete home ip_address: tmp rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr: home public home local rsync -az -e ssh --delete home local ip_addr: home public dd bs=1M if= dev hda gzip ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' tar -Puf backup.tar home user ( cd tmp local && tar c . ) ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd home share && tar x -p' ( tar c home ) ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd home backup-home && tar x -p' tar cf - . (cd tmp backup ; tar xf - ) find home user1 -name '*.txt' xargs cp -av --target-directory= home backup --parents find var log -name '*.log' tar cv --files-from=- bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 dd if= dev hda of= dev fd0 bs=512 count=1 dd if= dev fd0 of= dev hda bs=512 count=1 CDROM cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev= dev cdrom -eject blank=fast -force mkisofs dev cdrom > cd.iso mkisofs dev cdrom gzip > cd_iso.gz mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o . cd.iso data_cd cdrecord -v dev= dev cdrom cd.iso gzip -dc cd_iso.gz cdrecord dev= dev cdrom - mount -o loop cd.iso mnt iso cd-paranoia -B cd-paranoia -- "-3" cdrecord --scanbus Сеть (LAN и WiFi) ifconfig eth0 ifup eth0 ifdown eth0 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ifconfig eth0 promisc ifconfig eth0 -promisc dhclient eth0 route -n netstat -rn route add -net 0 0 gw IP_Gateway route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 route del 0 0 gw IP_gateway echo "1" > proc sys net ipv4 ip_forward hostname host www.yandex.ru host 93.158.134.3 ip link show mii-tool eth0 ethtool eth0 netstat -tupn netstat -tupln tcpdump tcp port 80 iwlist scan iwconfig eth1 traceroute www.ya.ru Microsoft Windows networks(SAMBA) nbtscan ip_addr nmblookup -A ip_addr smbclient -L ip_addr hostname smbget -Rr smb: ip_addr share mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass winclient share mnt share IPTABLES (firewall) iptables -t filter -nL iptables -nL iptables -t nat -L iptables -t filter -F iptables -F iptables -t nat -F iptables -t filter -X iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "DROP INPUT" iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 Мониторинг и отладка top ps -eafw ps -e -o pid,args --forest pstree kill -9 98989 kill -KILL 98989 kill -TERM 98989 kill -1 98989 kill -HUP 98989 lsof -p 98989 lsof home user1 lsof -iTCP:59302 strace -c ls > dev null strace -f -e open ls > dev null watch -n1 'cat proc interrupts' last reboot last user1 lsmod free -m smartctl -A dev hda smartctl -i dev hda tail var log dmesg tail var log messages Другие полезные команды apropos ...keyword man ping whatis ...keyword mkbootdisk --device dev fd0 'uname -r' gpg -c file1 gpg file1.gpg wget -r www.example.com wget -c www.example.com file.iso echo 'wget -c www.example.com files.iso' at 09:00 ldd usr bin ssh alias hh='history' |
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