| 1 |
The aim of the article is to consider the origins of the first Russian comedies on the basis of ambassadorial lists of the Ambassadorial Order of the second half of the 17th century. The first attempts of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to start a theatre in Russia date back to 1660. The year before, in 1659, the Russian mission headed by V.B. Likhachev brought an ambassadorial list containing, in addition to diplomatic affairs, a chapter on performances seen in Italy, called comedies (komidii). From that moment on, any performances were called comedies in all official Russian documents, not igrishcha (games) or pozorishcha (shows with a shameful shade) as it was customary earlier, and referred to any performance regardless of the genre division. In 1667-1668, the Russian mission in Spain and France headed by P.I. Potemkin received an audience in the Tuileries Palace, where the Russian diplomats saw French comedies (Desmarets' Blows of Fate and Moliere's Amphitryon). In June 1672, i.e., in the midst of another diplomatic mission headed by A.A. Vinius, the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on the establishment of the first Russian theatre was issued. Nevertheless, according to new studies, the first performance in Russia was the ballet Orpheus, staged in February 1672 and incorporating the features of a Western European staging tradition (for example, features of the use of perspective scenery), including the one known from the ambassadorial reports. Since then, the Ambassadorial Order, run by the boyar Artamon Matveyev and his associates, activists of the German Quarter in Moscow, the pastor of the Lutheran church in Moscow Johann Gottfried Gregory, the translator of the Ambassador Order Yuri Givner, the court's chief physician Laurent Ringuber Snr, becomes the main institution symbolizing the beginning of theatrical life in Russia. Thus, the first Russian theatre was created during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, when diplomatic relations were being established with Western European states, through the efforts of the members of the Ambassadorial Order. |
| 2 |
The important role of hermeneutical methodology for the analysis of the topic of historical responsibility in the collection is substantiated. The hermeneutical analysis of Vekhi suggests and shows its special role in shaping the philosophical and historical views of representatives of Russian religious and philosophical thought in the early 20th century. The conclusion is drawn, that within the framework of the collection, a unified historiosophical model of historical responsibility is developed based on the values of Christian consciousness and the values of the Slavophile tradition. Without using the concept of historical responsibility directly, the authors of the collection essentially work in this particular discourse, which the analysis of the concepts and categories that they use to criticize the revolutionary intelligentsia shows. The authors of the collection comprehend the problems of the intelligentsia and revolution in the context of the widespread criticism of the moral and historical consciousness of the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia. The authors analyze the problems of historical responsibility in three contexts: the discussion of revolution as a violation of the natural course of the historical process, the topic of responsibility of the intelligentsia as the most important subject of historical consciousness, and the theme of the individual as the most important condition for the development of historical responsibility. This allows considering the collection Vekhi as a special stage in the transformation of Russian religious and philosophical thought of the early 20th century and European ethical thought from the classical ethics of persuasion to the ethics of responsibility. The topic of personal historical responsibility of a Russian intellectual is consonant with modern research in the field of ethics of responsibility presented in the works of Paul Ricoeur and Hans Jonas: the rejection of responsibility by transferring it to a higher level of the authoritarian hierarchy. |
| 3 |
The article aims to answer the question of whether the history of philosophy is a philosophy or a history. Two methodological guidelines in modern historical and philosophical studies are considered: presentism as a position of seeing a variation of modern philosophical discourse in the ideas of the past and antiquarianism as a desire to reconstruct historical contexts. The juxtaposition of presentism and antiquarianism is presented as a consequence of Hegel's understanding of philosophy as the identity of the history of philosophy and the logic of the development of universal reason and is correlated with the substantial and non-substantial understanding of history. It is proposed to reformat the methodological dilemma of presentism and antiquarianism in a "third way": in the "philosophical textology" or "logic of culture". The third way tries to eliminate the dilemma of presentism and antiquarianism and to combine philosophical metaposition and historical distance in relation to the thinkers of the past. The centre of this position is the text itself, which connects the substantial and existential planes of the philosophy of history. An example of such a way is Plato's Pharmacy by Derrida. "Dissemination" and "pharmacy" as historical and philosophical strategies used by the French philosopher for the analysis of Plato's texts are proposed for analysis. The peculiarity of dissemination and pharmacy as methods revealing the dynamics between the discourse of desire and the discourse of knowledge is revealed. Dissemination is aimed at dispersing the meanings of the "explicit" text. Pharmacy is aimed at revealing the desire of thought to be a metaphysical thought. The focus is on writing as a source of genealogies and knowledge. Writing ("pharmakon") is understood as a parricidal gesture towards logos. The conflict between the discourse of desire and the discourse of knowledge can be interpreted as a sacrificial substitution of living speech by writing. This substitution is based on Platonic dynamics of the form and the model. |
| 4 |
The study reconstructs approaches to solving the ontological problem of the boundary of language and the world in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martin Heidegger. These philosophers are the most authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century and their intellectual heritage has greatly influenced the formation and development of modern philosophical science. A comparative analysis of the key philosophical attitudes of both thinkers on the nature of the relationship between language, world and the mystical sphere of human life allows us to establish the basic method to bridge the boundary of formal-logical and everyday languages: it is "showing". According to the early Wittgenstein and the late Heidegger, "showing" is possible by the phenomenon of silence and by poetry as a pure language, respectively. Despite significant differences in the philosophical attitudes of both thinkers, the results of the comparative analysis of their linguistic and philosophical ideas at opposite stages of intellectual activity allows us to draw profound conclusions. Both philosophers shared the idea of the dualistic nature of the world because of its separation into actual (physical) and mystical (spiritual-metaphysical) components. The problem of the inexpressibility of mystical entities and concepts in everyday language actualizes the search for ways out of this situation when language is not able to reflect the entirety of the world. At an early stage of his intellectual activity, Wittgenstein believed that sentences of language strictly correspond to certain situations in reality while mystical phenomena can only "show" themselves in the world. Since transcendental metaphysical entities are present in one way or another in human life, silence about them has become an exceptional way to avoid meaningless discourse that goes beyond a formal-logical language. Heidegger shared the position according to which the truth of any being can only be "shown" but not expressed in everyday language. |
| 5 |
The Kets are an indigenous people of Siberia whose culture is investigated by many Russian and foreign researchers. One can state now that an authentic view on the Kets' origin and ethnogenesis does not exist. In particular, there are assumptions of linguists and anthropologists concerning the contacts and similarities of the Kets and North American Indians, of the Kets and the Chinese, of the Kets and other peoples of Siberia, etc. The aim of the article is to reveal some problems of the Kets' culture research in the 20th and 21st centuries. The basic sources for this article are published articles by many researchers (linguists, anthropologists, ethnographers, etc.), results of the author's field and theoretical work. Since the beginning of the scientific study of the Kets, this people has lost many ethnic features. One of the main problems of the study of the Kets now (and back in the 19th and 20th centuries) is that it is unclear who the Kets were and are; in other words, what the criteria for determining an authentic representative of the Ket ethnos are. These criteria must be scientifically based and must be prepared before working with informants. The second problem is a wrong methodology of work with representatives of the ethnos. Researchers studied the Kets after the beginning of Russian assimilation when the Kets had cultural concepts typical for the Russian population. It is obvious that these cultural phenomena belonged to the modern Kets rather than to the native ones. Besides, researchers interviewed the Ket people from their own point of view, founded on peculiarities of the Russian culture and language, talked with informants in Russian, etc. This caused the obtrusion of new notions and researchers' worldview, which is inadmissible if we aim to describe and study an original ethnic culture. The third problem consists in the erroneous summarizing of the theoretical stage. It is clear that the primordial incorrect field research determines fallacious conclusions, contradictory outcomes, hypotheses, etc. |
| 6 |
The authors propose to conceptualize and practically solve it in the language of invariants. The research methods are the historical and methodological analysis of scientific and educational activity, obtaining empirical data and their analysis, theoretical design (modeling) of methodical decisions. It is shown that, in the didactics of physics, in distinguishing methodological invariants, it is effective to use the following logic: activity-types of educational activity-types of descriptions-types of invariants-patterns of use. It is emphasized that the idea of invariance allows combining methodological tools of different content (lesson model, schemes of the scientific method of cognition, structure of solution to an educational physical problem) to organize a stable educational system, and, therefore, to transmit and reproduce activity. The authors prove that the development and implementation of invariant methodological solutions for organizing the activities of students (a) contributes to the implementation of the principles of training in the implementation of any pedagogical technology, (b) can serve as the basis for the creation of a consistent and understandable technology for teachers to master the basic norms of educational activity, (c) contributes to a sensible and structured organization of the educational process and, consequently, leads to students' understanding and activity in training. Examples of the manifestation of the language of invariants are given: the principles of educational activity in the didactics of physics, the didactic model of activity for the development of the scientific method of cognition, typical methodological solutions, etc. In particular, the logic of the implementation of a two-stage logic for solving physical problems is presented. The efficiency of student learning activity and teaching activity standardization has been experimentally proved. The results of the study may be useful to post-graduate students and practicing educators. |
| 7 |
The thinker regards the concept "intelligentsia" as a historical one. He tries to identify its exhaustive features and uses materials written by intellectuals about themselves. Fedotov proceeds from a socioethical criterion. He formulates the features of the Russian intelligentsia and emphasises its "ideological commitment" and "groundlessness": features that manifest in different extent and time. N.A. Berdyaev also noted these two features of the intelligentsia, while F.A. Stepun argued with Fedotov about the second one. Fedotov traces the main course of the intelligentsia from Belinsky through Russian populists to the 20th-century revolutionaries; he describes the people of the 1840s and Russian populists as extremely high representatives of the Russian intelligentsia's consciousness. The identification of the intelligentsia's essential features leads to the consideration of the motifs prevalent in the intellectual discourse (interrelation with the people and the government, historical mission). Fedotov describes the Russian intelligentsia as an exclusive phenomenon of the national history. He also notes the existence of this group in other countries. This thought is similar to P.M. Milyukov's idea, though Fedotov denies the existence of such a social group in the West. Fedotov is interested in the peculiarities of the Russian national consciousness. He considers the intellectual type as one of the links in its evolution. The intelligentsia is not only a consistent expression of the Russian spiritual type, but also a component of the dual centre of the Russian mentality. Fedotov focuses particular attention on Russian populism because he believes that it is related to the Old Russian religiosity. He gives the main role in spiritual work to the intelligentsia of the 1920s. The intelligentsia was to become a spiritual aristocracy, abandon political activity and focus on cultural work. The author believes that Fedotov gave a general portrait of the intelligentsia, revealed the peculiarities of its emergence and evolution, its role and purpose in society. |
| 8 |
The aim of the study is the modern processes in the ethno-confessional and ethno-cultural life of the population of villages and cities of different administrative status in the new socioeconomic conditions in Kazakhstan. The study uses methods of field ethnographic research, participant observation, ethnographic survey, interviewing, comparative analysis, discourse analysis, and a prognostic method. Religious institutions and religious schools have been examined. The results of the study show that in the present period, compared to previous years, there is no construction boom in the sphere of religious institutions (mosques, madrasas) in the studied regions. In Kazakhstan, construction of new mosques continues at the expense of foundations, patrons of art, local entrepreneurs, donations of parishioners. New trends in the religious sphere have been revealed: new mosques are built in the traditions of Islamic religious architecture, which absorbed elements of ethnic culture. Modern mosques have halls (canteens) for ritual meals: the Karaganda mosque, for example, has two halls; the Mashhur Zhusip mosque in Pavlodar has three halls. The new Almaty mosque Baiken has an underground parking for 2,500 lots, which on days of religious holidays serves as an additional prayer hall. The author comes to the conclusion that, in recent years, there has been a tendency of active interaction of mosques with the local ethnic environment. Everywhere, mosques hold events for the implementation of the Religion and Tradition programme initiated by the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Kazakhstan. The programme is designed to promote the traditions of Islam of the Hanafi madhhab in Kazakhstan, which for centuries has interacted with the local ethnic culture of the Kazakhs. Forms of interaction between the state and religion in the educational sphere have been identified. At present, a number of Kazakhstan madrasas are equated to state colleges and are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. |
| 9 |
This case study allows re-evaluating directions of museum work at present. In this article, the history of the first museum in Chukotka was reconstructed based on the sources from the State Archive of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Archive materials allowed analysing the information about museum activities throughout the mentioned period and learning about the life and work of its founders. Unfortunately, visitor statistics are only represented partially in the archive materials, due to the loss of documents or a negligent maintenance of the archives under the changing management. Correspondence of the museum with other museums in the country reveals the general direction of all the museums in the Soviet Union at the time. Memoirs of the relatives of museum workers, which the author had found in the press or on the internet, allowed assessing workers' professional attitude towards interacting with other people and provide an understanding of the social atmosphere of the time. The sources also allowed analysing the role of the museum in archaeological expeditions in the 1950s. The preserved diary notes of the expedition members contain information about the kind of communication with the indigenous peoples during professional and daily situations. Collaboration of the representatives of different cultures, education and generations formed the indigenous peoples' special attitude towards collecting and preserving of cultural artifacts. The author concludes that museums became a new form of preserving cultural heritage in the region, and became the centre of collecting knowledge about the ancient history of the humankind, the nature of the region and the traditional culture of the indigenous peoples. Communication of the museum with local communities and other categories of visitors has its peculiarities and a long history. Currently, the older generations of the indigenous peoples of the North are the keepers of traditional knowledge, and can act as consultants or experts in ethnographic issues in the museum. |
| 10 |
The core of the authors' methodology is contextual research, which is used to analyse the contemporaries' memoirs, Gumilyov's letters to Valery Bryusov, as well as artistic works and criticism, spiritual and aesthetic positions of Gumilyov and Farmakovsky during that period. The authors emphasise the fruitful and creative character of Gumilyov and Farmakovsky's friendship. Sirius publishers demonstrated the independence of their opinions and tastes, which were conceptually different from the famous Diaghilev's Seasons exhibitions. They wrote that the exhibitions of Russian art contained worldclass works, but they did not show works by such national painters as Fedotov, A. Ivanov, Savrasov, Surikov, Repin, Vasnetsov, Nesterov. In one of his articles, A. Benois shared this opinion. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that, for Gumilyov, the "first Paris" period was the time of apprenticeship and also the beginning of his personal and creative independence. It was in Paris that the poet's strong and persistent character was formed, his skills were honed, and his inimitable style was created, with the colour-sound synthesis of the striking romantic picturesqueness and a clear strong word which was the premonition of Akmeism. For Gumilyov, a rising star of the Silver Age, Paris was the place of polishing his artistic taste, developing a comprehensive system of views, finding main poetic motifs and setting life goals. In Paris, the world's capital of art, Farmakovsky obtained recognition and received highest prizes for his works in decorative art. Most of his biographers forget this fact. In Paris, Farmakovsky painted the first portrait of Gumilyov, and he was able to keep it in the years of repressions and during the Seige of Leningrad as a true memory about the executed friend. The study of the materials published in Sirius allowed the authors come to the conclusion that "Russian Parisians" demonstrated a broad European education and a depth in understanding of Russian art. |
| 11 |
The article aims to reveal basic difficulties related to the practical implementation of the principle of patient's autonomy. This tenet is one of the main principles of biomedical ethics, and it is fixed in international and local laws. Debates around the principle of autonomy are traditionally connected with its substantial concretisation and the question of how to unambiguously refer the principle of autonomy to other principles of biomedical ethics: "do good", "not to do harm", and the principle of justice. However, the issue of practical implementation of the principle of patient's autonomy given the competences the patient should have is rarely considered. The analysis of legal documents and special literature has shown that mandatory conditions of practical implementation of the principle of patient's autonomy are: voluntariness, awareness and the ability to make decisions. The substantial analysis of each of these conditions demonstrates inevitable difficulties related to their practical fulfillment. It has been revealed that basic difficulties in the fulfillment of the voluntariness condition are determined by the absence of clear criteria for differentiating between persuasion (rational argumentation) and use of force (use of threatening information), between the presence or absence of manipulation on the side of the doctor. The difficulty related to the fulfillment of the awareness condition is determined by the "information knowledge asymmetry" between the doctor and the patient, as well as by the fact that the "informed consent" in its essence does not warrant awareness. In the author's opinion, the condition of the "ability to make a decision" causes the greatest problem in terms of fulfillment. The ability to make a decision includes perception, analysis, systematisation of information, ability to make rational considerations based on processed information and in accordance with one's own vital plans and goals, ability to oppose manipulations, and readiness to make decisions and bear responsibility for them. |
| 12 |
The article investigates the idea of the duality of human existence in philosophy. The relevance of the study is due to the emergence in the modern world of the phenomenon of artificial intelligence and the emergence, in this regard, of the problem of distinguishing between a human and an algorithm. The question arises: what indicates the phenomenon of a human? According to the author, if intelligence is a logical totality, then a human is spontaneity. The author investigates the specified idea of the duality of human existence on the material of the philosophies of F.M. Dostoevsky, R. Descartes, I. Kant, J. Derrida, M. Foucault, using a method based on the coincidence of the logical and the historical, as well as a comparative method. The author analyses Dostoevsky's The Double and concludes that duality for Dostoevsky occurs through the self of man, through their "I". To double is to go to oneself or to run away from oneself. The phenomenon of the double contains the key to Russian madness, the symbol of which is a holy fool: to be above and at the same time below oneself. Analysing Descartes's philosophy, the author comes to the conclusion that Descartes understands dualism of soul and body, sleep and wakefulness as duality. Turning to the dispute between Derrida and Foucault about the status of madness in philosophy, the author points out that these thinkers associate the phenomenon of duality with the difference between mind and madness. According to Foucault, if we question the integrity of the subject, recognise its duality, then philosophy should be concerned with a human. And this is a disaster for European philosophy, its falling, according to Foucault, into an anthropological sleep. According to Derrida, if we do not accept the duality of the subject, that madness is part of the structure of thought, then philosophy will have to accept the presence of a human algorithm in the world. Analysing Kant's philosophy, the author draws attention to the difference between faceless reason and imagination. |
| 13 |
It is confirmed that subjects to legal protection are the most memorable characters, which often appear in an independent capacity and begin to be perceived separately from the work as a whole, are independently used as part of other works through creative processing, as part of trademarks and commercial signs drawing potential consumers' attention to the relevant goods and services. In this regard, the problem of a character's protectability separately from the work of art is inevitable. The author explores the development of the copyright law of the post-Soviet period in terms of legal protection of parts of works and their characters and the practice of its application. It is concluded that the legislator comes to the need to establish rules on independent legal protection of certain parts of works of art, including titles and characters, provided they have the same signs of protection that are characteristic of the work as a whole: if by their nature they can be recognised an independent result of the creative work of the author and expressed in an objective form. Unlike previous laws containing an incorrect wording on independent use, the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation directly indicates the independence of the result of the author's creative activity. Confirmed is the thesis that a universal definition of the concept of "character" does not exist since it is an abstract concept that is filled with real content in each type of work. It has been established that any character cannot be identified in isolation from the work as a whole; therefore, it is necessary to distinguish them depending on the type of work. Opinions are criticised in the scientific literature regarding the need to enshrine the category of "source character" in the law since it is necessary to distinguish between the character of a literary work described by the author on the pages of their novel and its embodiment on the screen, which is the result of the creative activity of another person, the director. |
| 14 |
In the study, the relationship between methodological and procedural problems of integrated research in forensic examination is analysed. The following general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, system-structural. The following specific scientific methods were used: biographical analysis, statistical analysis, comparative historical method, expert assessment. Three approaches to understanding the essence of integrated expert examination are analysed: procedural, epistemological and information-logical. The procedural approach is based on the consideration of an integrated examination as a study by a group of experts in different fields, which cannot be made by one expert with the knowledge in necessary fields. The basis of the epistemological approach is the need for the synthesis of knowledge of various expert fields in addressing the issues of examination. The information approach assumes that the basis of a comprehensive examination is the use of the conclusions of one expert by another expert in the formation of their own conclusion, i.e., it is also an examination by a group, but, unlike in the procedural approach, experts can be of different or similar fields. It is proved that the epistemological approach to the essence of an integrated examination is crucial and should be the basis for the legal regulation of its production. Integrated examination can be made by a group of persons or by one person. The analysis of the legal regulation of integrated expert examination in branch-specific procedural codes and the Federal Law "On the State Forensic Activities in the Russian Federation" revealed a lack of uniformity in the formulation of norms that determine the grounds for the appointment of an integrated examination, as well as a lack of indication of which of the experts signs the general conclusion of an integrated examination. It is necessary to unify branch-specific procedural laws on integrated examination since its production does not depend on the type of procedure. |
| 15 |
The original concept of pedagogical bioethics is presented. It is based on the substantiation of the thesis "bioethics is a semiotic form of protecting the life goals of individuality", which determines the place of bioethics in modern pedagogy. The relevance of the concept to the solving of problems related to the professional orientation and self-realization in the conditions of the uncertainty of social scenarios, that is, in social instability conditions under which the frailty of traditional scenarios is revealed, is substantiated. The description of these conditions in terms of "instability" and "uncertainty" caused an appeal to the found interrelationship between the nonlinear dynamics methodology and the methodology of semiotic research. The correspondence between these methodological directions is set forth. The essence of the correspondence is the characteristics of information: value, quantity and efficiency. The value of information, calculated by the probabilities of the achieving of a goal, characterizes the process of making a choice between different scenarios as well as the correspondence of the symbolics of an individual goal to the symbolism of the good. The efficiency of information characterizes the way to achieve a goal depending on its brevity. On the basis of these characteristics, three different directions of the diagnostics of education efficiency are proposed: from within the educational system; from outside, that is, from the side of the sociocultural environment of the educational system; and from the perspective of the person receiving an education. All of the listed directions are methods of semiotic diagnostics of the states of uncertainty of social scenarios. The ascertaining of the semiotic essence of bioethics models and models of educational environments makes it possible to establish their intersection. Such an interpretation of the concept of pedagogical bioethics allows substantiating the need for consulting to accompany, assist and support in the processes of implementing individual educational routes. |
| 16 |
The article discusses the problem of the ambiguity of the term "geology" through a comparison of the understanding of "geology" in education and in the philosophy of science. It is noted that in the framework of the philosophy of science, methodological problems of geology as a profession, i.e., regional geology, working on geological mapping, was not considered. The aim of the study is to actualize the methodological problems of regional geology and determine the place and role of the regional geological work in the system of geological knowledge. The materials this study is based on are the curricula of different years in geology from the Archive of Tomsk State University. Previous works of the author of this article, which take into account a wide range of studies of domestic and foreign authors on methodological problems in geological sciences, are also used. The methods used in the study are historical-philosophical analysis, aimed at the study of works on methodological problems of geology; comparative analysis, aimed at comparing perceptions of geology within the philosophy of science and in the education system. Achievements in the field of narratology, which examines the historical aspect of regional geology, are also used. The article discusses regional geology as a profession, but also raises the question of what a "geologist", dedicated to regional geology, is: an engineer or a scientist? If one relies on the qualification in the diploma, a geologist dealing with regional geology is not an engineer. The assertion that a regional geologist is a scientist also requires clarification and explanation. A geologist is first and foremost a researcher, but of a particularly kind: a geologist does not search for universal laws, but explores a unique object: the Earth and its sites. Regional maps, despite some "historical" aspect, are always maps of the current state of the Earth. That is, regional geology examines the Earth's present, not its history, though with references to the age of certain structures and geological bodies. |
| 17 |
The primary aim of the article is to identify environmental factors in the development of large-scale reindeer herding among Izhma Komi. The degree of adaptation of the Zyryan reindeer husbandry to the natural conditions of the Lower Ob river, including the body of natural history knowledge of reindeer herders, is also considered. The results of the interaction between the Zyryan large-herd reindeer husbandry and regional environment are studied. The method of environmental history in the study of the formation and development of local economic structures involves considering natural environment as a powerful and constantly changing factor rather than as a background. In this regard, the article draws on the data of paleoclimatology. The author also relies on data from ethnography, ethnic history, and historical demography. For the first time, documents from the local archives (Tobolsk, Salekhard) are introduced into scientific discourse. The materials of land surveying expeditions of the People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the late 1920s-1930s have the greatest heuristic value for studies on the Yamal-Nenets district. The decisive factor in the transition of Izhma Komi to nomadic reindeer husbandry was climate change. In the last third of the 18th century, the Russian North and the Northern Trans-Urals entered the ascendance phase (warming) of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Warming created favorable conditions for farming, which in turn caused demographic growth in the Komi region. These processes resulted in the migration of Komi, including Izhma Komi, to the new territories of the North, including the Lower Ob. However, the possibilities of the appropriating-producing economy of Izhma Komi remained limited. The solution was found in the transition to large-scale reindeer herding, which took place in the Pechora region almost simultaneously with the beginning of the ascending phase of LIA, in the middle and second half of the 18th century. Izhma Komi reindeer herders practiced intensive reindeer husbandry in order to obtain the greatest yield. |
| 18 |
The scholar proposes to start with the age of a person, which accumulates the fullness of the person's spiritual and physical features and allows establishing the interrelations and the interdependence of human behavior and the external environment in which this behavior manifests itself. The central element of the concept is the concept of criminal statistics. The main scientific approach to the study of immoral and criminal acts is determined: a philosophical one, which makes it possible to look at criminal life as a phenomenon with its causes, forms of manifestation, conditions of existence and modifications, both quantitative and qualitative. The analysis of Neklyudov's thesis shows several important and scientifically relevant provisions. Criminal statistics as a method of scientific knowledge is one of the fundamental components of criminological research. Statistical data are objective; therefore, it is possible to identify both quantitative and qualitative (via content analysis) characteristics of "criminal life". Criminal statistics provides a comprehensive vision of this life, in which there is a person with their inner world and the environment they live in, and which affects their behavior. Criminal statistics, with its educational potential, can influence the choice of the criminal law strategy of the state and the legal (sectoral: criminal, administrative, etc.) policy. Criminal policy together with criminal statistics is defined as the "weal of modern culture". The latter conclusion has a deep meaning and an eternal importance not only for the development of criminology as a science, but also for legal science and practice in general. The legal policy of the state is one of the forms of manifestation of a certain level of political and legal culture of society and, therefore, the level of the very life of this society. If statistics indicate the external causes that support a low standard of living and a high level of crime, the weakness and inertia of the state become apparent. |
| 19 |
The focus of the studies in the field of mental lexicon is on the search for an adequate way to represent, store and retrieve from the memory information about the senses of a polysemous word. The advantage of cognitive models of representation over "listing" senses in the lexicon is that they view a polysemous word as a multi-faceted structure of world knowledge rather than as a set of isolated senses. In this respect, a cognitive approach to polysemy proposes models of lexicon integrating dictionary and world knowledge. From the point of view of representation of such knowledge, the advantage of connectionist models of verbal memory is discussed, special emphasis is made on the associative verbal model. The existing studies of polysemy by the method of free associations have not investigated the semantic structure of a polysemous word as a cognitive phenomenon so far. The established method of analysis of responses to polysemous stimuli aims to differentiate the senses of the word in the associative field, since it is based on the assumption that distinction between "senses" and "meanings" is irrelevant for a language speaker. The relevance of the present study consists in the attempt to model polysemy of the word as a cognitive phenomenon. The author's aim is to propose a method of analysis of associations that allows to state the different status of homonymous lexemes and senses of a polysemous word in the lexicon. The results discussed in the article were obtained from the responses to polysemous and homonymous stimuli elicited from Russian-speaking students during a free association experiment. The analysis of the data involved semantic interpretation of the responses, their clustering and construction of the associative field. As a result, the structures of associative fields of polysemy and homonymous stimuli were compared. The method of analysis is aimed at the search for grounds on which senses of polysemous words are perceived as related by speakers of language. |
| 20 |
To achieve the aim, in the introduction and in the first part of the article, a brief overview of the main works describing the current state of perceptual linguistics and its separate areas (discursive, linguistic, comparative, experimental, etc.) is made. It is emphasized that perceptiveness must be considered as a factor of text generation and a text category whose expression is directly related to the cultural tradition, the literary trend (direction) and the individual author's worldview. In the second part, key terms of perceptual linguistics used in the analysis of literary texts are identified and described: perceptual unit, perceptual semantics, perceptual picture of the world. Perceptual units are defined as linguistic (lexical and syntactic) means of expression of a perceptual (literary) image. The basis for their classification is the mode of perception: vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Special attention is paid to perceptual image as a form of a literary image that receives a specific lexical and grammatical content in the individual author's model of the world. Perceptual image is a "tool" for analyzing literary perceptiveness. In the third, main part of the article, the necessity of introducing the term perceptual structure of a poetic text into scientific discourse is substantiated, and its status is determined. It is stated that perceptual structure implies the actualization of the functional and stylistic aspect of the expression of perceptual semantics in a text. The concept of perceptual structure is defined as follows: it is a set of perceptual units of different text levels that represent the individual author's perceptual picture of the world and are analyzed in the aspect of text generation; it is a system of aesthetically significant perceptual images (in their interaction and interdependence) that form the literary space of a text and are conditioned by the cultural tradition, the literary trend (direction) and the individual author's worldview. |
| 21 |
The life of the geologist, doctor of geology and mineralogy, academician was associated with the industrialization of the country, the creation of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy in Kazakhstan, the development of science and the opening of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic, in which he participated directly. The article describes his professional and scientific activities. He studied at the Geological Department of the Mining Faculty of Tomsk Technological Institute and graduated with the degree of a mining engineer-geologist, becoming the first Kazakh geologist. Satpa-yev's work activity coincided with the course of industrialization of the country and the first five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR. In 1931, as a result of the prospecting work of the geologist Satpayev, large reserves of copper ore were found in the depths of Zhezkazgan, thanks to which Central Kazakhstan was the first among the copper deposits of the USSR. Satpayev as a geologist was interested not only in Zhezkazgan, but also in other regions of Kazakhstan. He proposed the ideas of founding a steel industry in Central Kazakhstan and an oil industry in the Mangystau Peninsula, of establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan. The author of the article analyzes Satpayev's activity in the position of the director of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Kazakh Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences based on the documents from archives and the reviewed literature. He also demonstrates Satpayev's professional and scientific contribution related to the needs of defense industry during World War II, to exploration of mineral resources, to the creation of a new base of ferrous metallurgy, to the development of science of the Republic and the preparation of the establishment of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan. The author concludes that Satpayev was an honored industry worker who made a great contribution to the development of the national economy and a famous scientist geologist, founder of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan. |
| 22 |
The published sources were collections of statistics on censuses' results from the official website of state statistics institutions. Changes in the administrative-territorial borders of Yakutia in the twentieth century led to changes in the number and ethnic composition of the population, in both absolute and relative terms. The main aim of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the number of the Evens population in the twentieth century in the areas of their settlements in Yakutia. It is revealed that most of the Evens live in the territory of 21 districts in 36 settlements today. The scientific novelty of the article is the map of the Evens' settlement in Yakutia made by the author of the article using ArcGIS. Due to the fact that ethnographic maps of different parts of the territory only show the majority of one nationality, the current ethnic maps of the settlement of the peoples of Yakutia do not give a complete picture of the national composition of the population, in particular, of the Evens. In the ethnic maps of the peoples of Yakutia, the Evens' settlement areas are not indicated in the areas where the Russian or Yakut population are predominant. The author made the map including 14 local areas of the Evens settlement, which were not previously displayed in the ethnic maps of Yakutia. Areas of the Evens' local settlement were grouped on the basis of the classification of the Even language developed by the researchers of the Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The comparison of the Evens' settlements with the areas of the Even language dialects in the map showed that they explored the territory along the basins of large rivers. In general, the study suggests that the current settlement of the Evens in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is geographically dispersed areas of their local groups. These local areas were mainly formed in the early twentieth century and are located in the northeastern districts of the Republic. |
| 23 |
In higher education institutions, students with disabilities of temporary or permanent nature require a significant reduction in physical activity taking into account their performance and functionality; many are not fully ready to perform standard educational applied physical training. To improve the situation, applied physical education (APE) is crucial. APE is a pedagogical process of professional and applied physical training, during which students with disabilities sufficiently increase the range of adaptive body capabilities, form professionally important qualities and, as a result, professional adaptation. The method of stabilometry was used as APE criteria. This method studies the balance of the human body by tracking the quality of the equilibrium function, that is, the dynamics of applied motor skills development in people. Stabilometric indicators of students with disabilities were compared before and after the professional applied preparation phase. 39 students of the South Ural State University and 31 of the South Ural State Institute of Arts were tested. Following the experimental method, the stages of the educational process organization were implemented during classes twice a week to reduce the period of adaptation to physical loads and to increase motor preparedness. The first stage was educating and training of a person during general physical training via lectures, conversations, problem-based presentation of material, etc. The second stage was actualizing of students' body capabilities and individual features via professional and applied physical training. The third stage was independent performance of activity in the selected type of physical exercises which can be corrected, specified, modified. The results of the study indicate that stabilometric control in APE of in students with disabilities allows to timely and quickly identify the level of adaptive body capacity to physical activity, regardless of the factors and conditions of the selected professional activity. |
| 24 |
In the article, the interrelation of linguistic and mental units on the basis of the connection of semantics of the noun with the propositional mental structure is considered. It is shown that this connection is clearly manifested in speech in the functioning of nouns as parts of different syntactic constructions. The methodology of the research is based on the combination of component and contextological analysis of semantics of substantive and verbal lexemes in the conditions of a discursive realization of this semantics. The obtained results are interpreted in the categories of cognitive semantics based on the typology of mental units, in this case on the proposition and partly the scenario as means of knowledge organization. Taking into consideration the aspect of analysis, the understanding of the polysemantic term 'proposition' is specified in this article. Proposition is understood as a means of organizing knowledge about realities (denotation) in the aspect of its typical situational connections with other realities (denotations), that is in the categories of components of a situation - actants and adjuncts: subject, object, addressee, instrument, place, etc. The problem under study is considered on the material of nouns of different lexical grammatical and lexical semantic categories, which, being parts of different constructions, can reflect not only things (person, artifact, action, time interval, etc.), but also the situation as a whole a typical or unique element of which is the thing (subject, object, instrument, place, time) nouns denote, and the thing is capable of marking the type of the situation. The essence of this idea can be illustrated on the example of the reflection of the situation of visiting a hospital (treatment) with the help of nouns of different semantic categories that denote the person, the institution, the action, or the instrument of the action: went to the doctor - went to hospital - went for a surgery - went under the scalpel; went to the nurse - went to the treatment room - went for an injection. |
| 25 |
The aim of this article is to search for general and specific bases for the formation of human resources, adequate to the requirements of the time of the scientific and educational environment and developed with the participation of the staff of economic departments. Based on the study and evaluation of the experience of predecessors, generalization of accumulated historical and analytical data, direct involvement of the authors of the article in the process of accumulation and transfer of educational skills and competencies, it was possible to make a periodization of the formation and active development of economic education in TSU and Siberia. The authors identify several stages of accumulating the educational and research potential of generations of students and university professors and their implementation for the needs of the diversified economy of the Siberian region. The article substantiates that the development of economic education in the 19th - early 20th centuries had three components: pedagogical activities of TSU professors of economics; joint research with students on the economy of Siberia and elaboration of projects for its development; educational activities of professors in the dissemination of economic knowledge both in Tomsk and beyond. The hypothesis is confirmed that the relationship of science and practice in educational activities, as well as coordination of research for the needs of the economic complex of the region, ensured the institutional stability of the phenomenon of universal theoretical and economic education at TSU. Successful adaptation of specialists in various areas of production and economic activities confirmed that graduates of the Faculty of Economics had basic skills in research and creative economic thinking. Thanks to the cooperation and competition of the Faculties of Economics and Management, a synergy effect arose that created the possibility of innovative development and the formation of a TSU-based international educational economic space. |
| 26 |
The aim is to reveal the circumstances of the establishment of the gendarme supervision over the private gold mining industry in Western Siberia. To achieve this aim, the following objectives must be solved: to determine the reasons of the emergence of gendarme supervision; to identify the initiators of the supervisory institution; to determine the tasks that this supervision was supposed to accomplish through the activities of the staff officers of the gendarme corps at the gold mines; to analyze the process of drawing up the job instructions for gendarme officers at the gold mines in Siberia; to trace the selection of candidates for the new gendarme post. The main sources for the article were the documents from the central and regional archives of the Russian Federation. The author came to the following conclusions. The main reasons for the emergence of gendarme supervision over the private gold mining industry were: an increase of workers' riots at the gold mines in Siberia and, as a consequence, the need to combat this phenomenon; the need to have reliable information about the state of the gold mining industry; the importance of gold mining for the state treasury. The establishment of gendarme supervision over the private gold mining industry in Western Siberia gave rise to a discussion in the ruling circles. All participants in this discussion had high hopes for the supervision, regarding it as an important tool of the government policy in the gold mining industry. At the same time, each department or official had their own vision of the essence of this supervision: the regional Siberian authorities wanted to limit the gendarmes' activity at the mines exclusively to supervising functions with subordination to themselves, but the gendarme department sought to put gendarme officers in a more independent position, endowing them with executive functions and offering to equate their posts to the governor's one. In the course of the discussion a compromise was found. |
| 27 |
The most authoritative representatives of this interpretation of the sociocultural paradigm in post-Soviet social studies are A.S. Akhiezer and N.I. Lapin. This interpretation of the sociocultural approach draws on the axiological (information-semiotic) concept of culture. The authors see the origins of the second basic interpretation of the sociocultural paradigm in the intellectual heritage of C. Levi-Strauss. He solves the problem of correlation between society and culture, the social and the cultural in a different way. In his opinion, human society is a set of separate local cultures interacting with each other. In this case, culture is understood as a specific variant of social development. Interaction of cultures necessarily leads to cultural exchange and interpenetration, reflection of cultures. Therefore, each individual culture (or social organism) is an ensemble of cultures. In this ensemble, one of the cultures is the leading one, sublates the counterculture as an internal moment and determines the cultural specificity of an individual social organism. Thus, the development of society, from this point of view, is a product of interaction, reflection of cultures. Levi-Strauss formulates, in particular, the following law: any cultural progress is a function of the coalition of cultures. Thanks to this coalition, the chances that occur in each culture in its historical development become a common heritage. The more diverse cultures make up the coalition, the more fertile it is. Consideration of the existence and development of individual societies and the whole of humanity in the process of reflection of cultures gives the authors the basis to designate this interpretation of the sociocultural approach as reflective. In this interpretation, society is represented as an ensemble of cultures, and the sociocultural as the social in its cultural diversity. This image of society is paradigmatic and corresponds to the nonlinear models of social development widely represented in the philosophy of history. |
| 28 |
The article reveals a set of theoretical and practical problems in the field of interrogation tactics: in the establishment of psychological contact with the person being interrogated. The range of problems affects the procedural, methodological, tactical, forensic and psychological aspects. A variety of points of view is evaluated by analyzing the effectiveness of tactics based on these points of view. The subject of the study was the relationship between the understanding of psychological contact and tactical methods of establishing it. In the conducted research, the following general scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, a system-structural method. The following specific scientific methods were used: biographical analysis, statistical analysis, expert evaluation, a comparative historical method. The author made the following conclusions. Tactical methods of establishing psychological contact are determined by the understanding of its nature. In case psychological contact is considered as a form of an optimal interaction between the investigator and the person being interrogated, the tactical potential is extremely small. Even a superficial analysis of tactical techniques aimed at establishing psychological contact in the considered understanding demonstrates their utmost vagueness and debatable realizability. In case psychological contact is considered as a form of active interaction between the investigator and the person being interrogated, the tactical potential is extremely diverse. In modern forensic science it is important to increase the tactics of establishing this form of psychological contact. There are two different ways to do this. The first method is to create a positive image of the investigator in the interrogated person. It is achieved by recommending the investigator to behave in a way that is customary for this person. The second method is based on creating the illusion of the identity of the person being interrogated with the investigator, the identity of their inner world and basic attitudes. |
| 29 |
The aim of the article is the analysis of the version of the Hun origin of the Chuvash nation. The author has set an objective to investigate the main primary sources (Ammianus Marcellinus, Yeghishe, Marcellinus Comes, Priscus of Panium, Jordanes, Cedrenus Georgius, Theophylact Simocatta, Procopius Caesariensis, Moses of Khoren, Ghewond) and publications on the subject. The problem range was the discussions of the Hun component in traditional ethnographic blocks of the Savirs and the Chuvash. There are too many unclear points in the history of the origin and development of the Chuvash nation. The truth which the reader wants to know is still locked behind seven seals. The excessive desire of the readers to know, on the one hand, and the great intent of the authors to deliver their considerations to the reader as quickly as possible, on the other hand, have generated compilation, mess and fiction. Most of papers on the ethnogenesis of the Chuvash as of today have been prepared at a level not higher than amateur regional ethnography. One of the reasons for such failures is the absence of direct sources of knowledge about the historical ancestors of the Chuvash. History was merciless to the Chuvash and their language. They were completely forgotten and unknown for centuries, kind of in a position of a nation without kith or kin. In similar cases, the historical science always resorts to retrospection and comparative historical methodology. All tribes with the most enigmatic history always had neighbors, communicated with other tribes, and were incorporated in alliances. The author raises a debating question of the Hun leaders brothers Bleda and Attila. He comes to the conclusion that Bleda who had been removed from power was commanding the eastern wing of the Hun confederation which also included "Huns called Savirs". One can also read in the sources that Hun troops carried fortresses by storm, using rams. However, an attentive reader may find that rams were used not by Huns but by Savirs stationed in their troops. |
| 30 |
The article analyzes the results of a study carried out by the authors in the spring of 2018 among teachers of Biysk, Russia, and students of pedagogical directions of the Shukshin Altai State Humanities Pedagogical University (Biysk, Russia) concerning their perception of the ideal of a teacher and the real teachers of our time. It provides a brief overview of the sources that consider the concept of the "ideal of a teacher", its changes in the history of pedagogical thought, the search for ways to form future educators by the example of the ideal image of a teacher, as well as empirical studies of the concept of the ideal image of a teacher. The main objective of the study was the identification of the subjective evaluation of the image of an ideal teacher in comparison with the image of a real modern teacher among students of a pedagogical university and teachers working at schools in Biysk. The article also substantiates the representativeness of the conducted research and its main methodological foundations. The authors note that as a whole the results obtained are reliable and valid. They show that the respondents, first of all, see an ideal teacher as a leader inclined to domination, closely cooperating with the reference group, always helpful, showing friendliness, seeking recognition among significant people, wishing to collaborate with the outside world, to comply with the accepted norms of behavior and to be deeply involved in current events, having harmony in interpersonal relationships. The responding students and teachers do not see real teachers as sufficiently successful leaders, mentors and organizers inclined to cooperate and collaborate with students, do not consider them to be sincere, sensitive, sympathetic and benevolent people. In conclusion, the authors note that analyzing the pedagogical systems that existed in the history of humankind, G.S. Batishchev singled out three types of pedagogy: the pedagogy of formation, the pedagogy of abilities and the pedagogy of education or creativity. |
| 31 |
The article aims to identify the features of the teachers' position concerning the interaction of school with schoolchildren's families. The teachers' position in this context is a system of teachers' attitudes towards schoolchildren's families in the educational space. It includes teachers' views on the role and place of family in children's education; teachers' readiness to interact with school-children's families; teachers' understanding of their role in the interaction with schoolchildren's families in the educational space. For the research, the method of an anonymous poll of teachers of educational institutions of Moscow and Tomsk Oblasts was used. The questionnaire contained 15 questions, two thirds of them were open-ended. The questions aimed to study the teachers' attitude towards families as subjects of education, development, children's training; the teachers' readiness to interact with parents and the purposes of the interaction, its content and forms from the teachers' point of view; teachers' expectations from families' participation in the interaction with the school - the desirable degree and content of parents' activity. Using the method of random sampling, this research captured 138 class teachers working at the level of the basic general education from 45 educational institutions of two regions of Russia. The analysis of the results of the poll allowed making several conclusions. The vast majority of the interviewed teachers stated that family plays the paramount role in children's bringing up and development yet reserved teachers' prior role in education. In general, the teachers' attitude towards family as a social institution influencing children is rather positive than negative. Nevertheless, less than a quarter of the respondents feel the need to interact with family in the educational process, and this is one of risk factors in the implementation of the ideas of the federal state educational standard as a social conventional norm, a public contract between family, society and the state. |
| 32 |
This article deals with the image of the female warrior in Blok's dramatic heritage, journalism, and ego-documents (in their relation to Blok's lyrics). The female warrior is interpreted by Blok as a variant of Sophia-like character, is given only one "mythological" name - Brunnhilde, and is mainly projected onto Wagner's interpretation of this figure in his tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen. But Blok does not usually give such a character any specific name, and the undeniable references to Siegfried and Brunnhilde's story (such as hero's passing through the fire surrounding the sleeping heroine and her awakening, betrayal and death of the hero, involuntary oblivion and fatal non-recognition of the "first love", "double" funeral pyre, etc.) are complemented by general mythic associations and archetypal motifs originating from various traditions and related to the female warrior, the "goddess of armies", Valkyrie (duel, love-hate and love-fight, headlong gallop or soaring on a horse, heroine's independence of conduct, including in her choice of her beloved, associations with storm, thunder, lightning, correlation with the image of the swan maiden). The poet never reproduces the whole plot (be it the traditional plot of the fight between the hero and the female warrior or the Wagnerian plot of the awakening by the hero of the sleeping heroine who formerly sacrificed herself for his salvation, of their short marriage, his departure into the wide world, his oblivion and recognition of the "love he had at first" at the death's door) or even a succession of its episodes. Almost always the matter is limited to a recognizable motif or a complex of motifs which combine with genetically different ones and are interwoven into the plot of Blok's autobiographical myth based on the Gnostic (Sophian) myth in its two variants - of the imprisoned, enchanted and sleeping World Soul waiting to be rescued by the hero, and of the hero who is captured by evil forces and released by the Sophia-like heroine. |
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