| 1 |
we often use make for 'food' words: make lunch, make dinner, make a cake, etc. |
| 2 |
we often use do for 'study' words: do homework, do a degree, do an exam, etc. |
| 3 |
we usually use do for 'jobs' connected to the house: do the cleaning, do the washing, etc. |
| 4 |
1.1 we use reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, etc.) when the subject and object are the same people: it's important that they're allowed to enjoy themselves. |
| 5 |
1.2 we use by myself, by yourself, etc. to mean alone: this means children spend most of their free time studying by themselves. |
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1.3 we use reflexive pronouns to emphasise that we do sth instead of someone else doing it for us: we should also encourage children to work things out themselves. |
| 7 |
some verbs that are reflexive in other languages aren't reflexive in english: meet, feel, relaxed. |
| 8 |
1.4 we can say on my own, on your own, etc. instead of by myself, by yourself. |
| 9 |
notice the difference between themselves and each other: 1. nicky and alice are looking at themselves. 2. nicky and alice are looking at each other. |
| 10 |
we often use synonyms when we're speaking or writing so that we don't repeat words. |
| 11 |
many synonyms in english have small differences in meaning or use: chat to someone is more informal than talk to someone. |
| 12 |
1. if clause (if+present simple) | main clause ('ll, will, won't + infinitive): if i start teaching again, i'll be exhausted after a year. |
| 13 |
1. the first conditional talks about the result of a possible event or situation in the future. |
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2. the if clause talks about things that are possible, but not certain: if i start teaching again, i'll be exhausted after a year (maybe i'll start teaching again). |
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2.1 the main clause says what we think the result will be in this situation (i'm sure i'll be exhausted after a year). |
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3. the if clause can be first or second in the sentence: i'll be exhausted after a year if i start teaching again. |
| 17 |
4. we make first conditional questions with: (question word) + will + subject + infinitive + if..: what will you study if you do another degree? |
| 18 |
5. we often use might in the main clause to mean 'will perhaps': you might not get in this year if you don't apply soon. |
| 19 |
6. we can use unless to mean 'if not' in the first conditional: unless i do it now, i'll be too old = if i don't do it now, i'll be too old. |
| 20 |
future time clauses 1. we can use sentences with before, until, unless, as soon as and when to talk about the future: i'll ask them before they go on holiday. |
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future time clauses 2. in these sentences we use will/won't + infinitive in the main clause: i'll make a decision after i talk to him. |
| 22 |
future time clauses 3. we use the present simple in clauses beginning with before, until, as soon as, unless, after: i won't say anything to them until you decide what to do. |
| 23 |
future time clauses 4. we use when to say we're certain that sth will happen. |
| 24 |
zero conditional 1. zero conditionals talk about things that are always true: if you have children, you want them to be happy. |
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zero conditional 2. in zero conditionals both verbs are in the present simple: if children study all the time, they don't develop in other ways. |
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zero conditional 3. if and when have the same meaning in zero conditionalss: if/when i'm stressed, i don't sleep very well. |
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zero or first conditionals 1. if my children get good grades, i take them to the beach (it talks about sth that is always true). |
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zero or first conditionals 2. if my children get good grades, i'll take them to the beach (it talks about one specific time in the future). |
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conditional with modal verbs and imperatives 1. we can use modal verbs (should, can, etc.) in the main clause of conditionals: if parents want their children to be happy, they shouldn't put too much pressure on them. |
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conditional with modal verbs and imperatives 2. we can use imperatives (praise, don't give, etc.) in the main clause of conditionals: if you want to help your children, praise the effort they make. |
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conditional with modal verbs and imperatives 3. in these conditionals we use the present simple in the if clause: if you need some help, ask me. |
| 32 |
conditional with modal verbs and imperatives 4. we can use other modal verbs (must, have to, might, etc.) in conditionals: if you don't understand, you must ask the teacher. |
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in case 1. we use in case to say that we're prepared for sth that might happen: i'll take an umbrella in case it rains. |
| 34 |
in case 2. in case and if have different meanings. |
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in case 2.1 i'll buy some food in case i get hungry (i'm definitely going to buy some food so that he's prepared if i get hungry in the future time). |
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in case 2.2 i'll buy some food if i get hungry (i might buy some food, but only if i get hungry in the future). |
| 37 |
we use just in case for a smaller possibility: i don't think it will rain, but i'll take an umbrella just in case. |
| 38 |
you can use in case + past to say why sb did sth: i left my phone switched on in case jane called (= because it was possible that jane would call). |
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