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1. The Present Simle expresses a fact which is always true, or true for a long time: she works with her husband. |
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2. The Present Simple expressses a habit or a routine: she walks her dog every day. |
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Most verbs add -s in the third peson singular: wear - wears; speak - speaks. |
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go and do are different. they add -es: go - goes; do - does. |
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if the verb ends in -s, -sh, -ch, then we add -es: watch - watches. |
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if the verb ends in a consonant + -y, the -y changes to -ies: study - studies; fly - flies. |
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if the verb ends in a vowel + -y, the -y dosn't change: play - plays. |
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have is irregular: have - has. |
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subject pronouns come before the verb: we study english. |
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object pronouns come after the verb: he likes them. |
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sometimes and usually can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence: sometimes we go out. we go out sometimes. we sometimes go out. usually i walk to school. i walk to school usually. i usually walk to school. |
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is there a table? yes, there is/ no, there isn't. |
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are there any photos? yes, there are/ no, there aren't. |
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1.1. some/any positive. there are some pictures. (some + plural noun). |
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1.2. some/any negative. there aren't any pictures. (any + plural noun). |
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1.3. some/any question. are there any books? (any + plural noun) |
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2. this/that/these/those. |
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2.1. we use this/these to talk about people/things that are near to us. |
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2.1.1 i like this picture. |
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2.1.2. how much are these mugs? |
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2.2. we use that/those to talk about people/things that aren't near to us. |
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2.2.1 can you see that man? |
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2.2.2. who are those children outside? |
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2.3. we can use this/that/these/those without a noun. |
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2.3.1 this is lovely. |
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2.3.2. can i have this? |
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2.3.3. i don't like that. |
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2.3.4. that's horrible. |
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2.3.5. these are my favourite. |
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2.3.6. i don't want those. |
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2.4. Prepositions. |
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2.4.1 the flat is in queen's road. |
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2.4.2. it's on the third floor. |
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2.4.3. the chemist's is next to a cafe. |
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2.4.4. there's a shop below a flat. |
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2.4.5. there's a bus stop outside the post office. |
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2.4.5. it's opposite the park. |
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2.4.6. my flat is near the town centre. |
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2.4.7. the bench is under the tree. |
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2.4.8. what's in your bag? |
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2.4.9. there's a window behind the desk. |
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2.4.10. there's a fire at the other end. |
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2.4.11. this is a picture of my sister. |
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3. can and can't have the same form in all persons. |
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3.1 there's no do or does. |
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3.2 can is followed by the bare infinitive. |
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i was born in 1980. |
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4. could is the past of can. |
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4.1 could and couldn't have the same form in all persons. |
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4.2 could is followed by the bare infinitive. |
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4.3 could she drive? yes, she could. no, she couldn't. |
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5. prepositions |
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5.1 i was at school. |
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5.2 they're on holiday. |
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5.3 i was at an exhibition. |
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5.4 she's in bed. |
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5.5 he was born in january. |
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5.6 he was born on january 14. |
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5.7 he's a professor of art. |
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5.8 he's good at drawing. |
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5.9 what's the spanish for pencil? |
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5.10 she's married to mike. |
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5.11 what's on tv tonight? |
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5.12 what do you want for your birthday? |
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5.13 can i speak to dave? |
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5.14 can i pay by credit card? |
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6.1 Can/Could I.. Can/Could you express a request. |
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6.1.1 can/could i ask you a question? |
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6.1.2 can/could you do sth for me? |
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6.2 can/could express an ability |
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6.2.1 i can swim/ i could swim when i was four |
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7. past simple - spelling of regular verbs. |
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7.1 the normal rule is to add -ed |
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7.1.1 work ~ worked; start ~ started. |
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7.2 if the verb end -e, add -d |
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7.2.1 live ~ lived; love ~ loved. |
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7.3 if the verb has only one syllable and one vowel and one consonant, doulbe the consonant, and add -ed. |
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7.3.1 stop ~ stopped; plan ~ planned. |
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7.4 verbs that end in a consonant + -y, change to -ied. |
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7.4.1 study ~ studied; carry ~ carried |
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8. the past simple epresses a past action that is finished. |
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8.1 i lived in rome when i was six. |
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8.1.1 she started school when she was eight. |
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8.2 the form of the past simple is the same in all persons. |
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8.2.1 i/you/he/she/it/we/they lived in london in 1985. |
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8.3 we use didn't + bare infinitive in all persons for negatives. |
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8.3.1 i/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't live in madrid |
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8.4. we use did + subject + bare infinitive in all persons for questions. |
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8.4.1 did i/you/he/she/it/we/they like the film? |
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9. to be is irregular and has two forms in the past |
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9.1 be ~ was/were |
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9.2 other irregular verbs have only one form in the past |
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9.2.1 go ~ went; can ~ could |
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10 time expressions. |
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10.1 last night. |
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10.1.1 last month. |
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10.1.2 last year. |
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10.1.3 last week. |
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10.1.4 last monday. |
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10.2 yesterday morning. |
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10.2.1 yesterday evening. |
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10.2.2 yesterday afternoon |
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11 prepositions. |
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11.1 she talks to a lot of people. |
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11.2 she helps people all over the world. |
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11.3 he talks to friends on his phone. |
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11.4 i play with my children. |
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11.5 i'm very interested in art. |
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11.6 it's the third of april |
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12. we write: 3/4/1999 or 3 april 1999 |
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12.1 we say: 'the third of april, nineteen ninety-nine' or april the third, nineteen ninety-nine' |
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13. notice how we sat these years. |
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13.1 1900 ~ nineteen hundred. |
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13.2 1905 ~ nineteen oh five. |
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13.3 2001 ~ two thousand and one. |
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13.4 2012 ~ two thousand and twelve, or twenty-twelve |
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14. time expressions |
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14.1 in |
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14.1.1 in the twentieth century |
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14.1.2 in nineteen twenty-four |
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14.1.3 in the nineteen-nineteenths (1990s) |
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14.1.4 in winter |
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14.1.5 in the evening |
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14.1.6 in september |
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14.2. on |
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14.2.1 on 10 october |
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14.2.2 on christmas day |
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14.2.3 on saturday |
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14.2.4 on sunday evening |
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14.3. at |
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14.3.1 at seven o'clock |
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14.3.2 at weekends |
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14.3.3 at night |
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14.4 ago |
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14.4.1 i went there ten years ago |
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14.4.2 i went there two weeks ago |
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14.4.3 i went there a month ago |
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15. adverbs |
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15.1 adjectives describe nouns: a big dog; a careful driver |
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15.2 adverbs describe verbs |
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15.2.1 she ran quickly |
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15.2.2 he drives too fast |
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15.3 to form regular adverbs |
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15.3.1 add -ly to the adjective |
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15.3.2 words ending in -y change to -ily |
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15.4. regular (adjective - adverb) |
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15.4.1 quick - quickly |
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15.4.2 slow - slowly |
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15.4.3 bad - badly |
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15.4.4 careful - carefully |
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15.4.5 real - really |
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15.4.6 immediate - immediately |
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15.4.7 easy - easily |
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15.5 irregular adverbs (adjective - adverb) |
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15.5.1 good - well |
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15.5.2 hard - hard |
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15.5.3 early - early |
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15.5.4 fast - fast |
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16. prepositions |
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16.1 it happened about 60 years ago |
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16.2 how many people died in the second world war? |
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16.3 we didn't have computers in those days? |
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16.4 he stepped onto the moon |
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16.5 he flew from caley to dover |
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16.6 he couldn't walk because of an injury to his leg |
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16.7 the plane flew at 40mph |
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16.8 i was't worried about the machine |
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17. count and uncountable nouns |
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17.1 there are countable nouns |
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17.1.1 a book ~ two books |
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17.1.2 an egg ~ six eggs |
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17.2 there are uncountable nouns |
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17.2.1 bread; rice |
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17.3 some nouns are both |
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17.3.1 we'd like three ice-creams, please |
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17.3.2 do you like ice-cream? |
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18. some/any |
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18.1 we use some in positive sentences with uncount nouns and plural nouns |
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18.1.1 there is some bread on the table |
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18.1.2 there are some oranges on the table |
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18.2 we use some in questions when we ask for things and offer things |
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18.2.1 can i have some coffee, please? |
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18.2.2 would you like some grapes? |
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18.3 we use any in questions and negative sentences with uncount nouns and plural nouns |
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18.3.1 is there any water? ~ i don't know if there is any water |
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18.3.2 does she have any children? ~ i don't know if she has any children |
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18.3.3 we haven't got any rice |
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18.3.4 there aren't any people |
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19 would like |
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19.1 would is the same in all persons |
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19.2 we use would like in offers and requests |
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19.2.1 i'd like a cup of coffee |
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19.2.2 would you like a buisquit? yes, please; no, thank you |
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20. how much..?/how many..? |
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20.1 we use how much ..? with uncount nouns |
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20.1.1 how much rice is there? ~ there isn't much rice |
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20.2 we use how many ..? with plural count nouns |
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20.2.1 how many apples are there? ~ there aren't many apples |
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21. prepositions |
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21.1 pasta for me |
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21.2 same for me |
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21.3 this book is by patricia cornwell |
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21.4 i like apple macs more than pcs |
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21.5 this is a recipe for cottage pie |
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21.6 put potatoes on the list |
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21.7 he ate it with his fingers |
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21.8 put the ham between two slices of bread |
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21.9 a packet of four batteries, please |
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22. Comparative and Superlative adjectives |
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22.1 london is bigger than paris. |
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22.1.1 paris is more romantic |
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22.1.2 it's the most exciting place |
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22.1.3 this is the best restaurant in the world |
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22.2 Form |
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22.2.1 one-syllable adjectives |
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22.2.1.1 old ~ older ~ the oldest |
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22.2.1.2 safe ~ safer ~ the safest |
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22.2.1.3 big ~ bigger ~ the biggest |
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22.2.1.4 hot ~ hotter ~ the hottest |
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22.2.2 adjectives ending in -y |
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22.2.2.1 noisy ~ noisier ~ the noisiest |
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22.2.2.2 dirty ~ dirtier ~ the dirtiest |
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22.2.3 two or more syllable adjectives |
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22.2.3.1 boring ~ more boring ~ the most boring |
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22.2.3.2 beautiful ~ more beautiful ~ the most beautiful |
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22.2.4 Irregular adjectives |
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22.2.4.1 good ~ better ~ the best |
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22.2.4.2 bad ~worse ~ the worst |
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22.2.4.3 far ~ further ~ the furthest |
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22.2.5 Most two-syllable adjectives use more and most, but some two-syllable adjectives use -er/-est |
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22.2.5.1 modern ~ more modern ~ most modern |
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22.2.5.2 polite ~ more polite ~ most polite |
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22.2.5.3 quiet ~ quieter/quietest |
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22.2.5.4 clever ~ cleverer/cleverest |
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22.3 we can make a comparision stronger using much and a lot |
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22.3.1 london is much more beautiful than paris |
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22.3.2 dave's a lot more handsome than pete |
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22.4 adverbs also have comparatives |
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22.4.1 he works harder than you |
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22.4.2 can you come earlier than 8.30? |
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23. have got and have |
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23.1 have got means the same as have to talk about possession, but the form is different |
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23.2 we often use have got in spoken english |
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23.2.1 i have got a garden |
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23.2.2 he hasn't got a car |
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23.2.3 have you got any money? no, i haven't |
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23.2.4 she has a cat |
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23.2.5 you don't have a garage |
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23.2.6 does she have a sister? yes, she does |
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23.3 the past of both have and have got is had/didn't have |
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23.3.1 we had a lovely day |
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23.3.2 i didn't have a happy childhood |
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23.3.3 what did you have for lunch? |
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23.3.4 when i was young i had a bike |
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23.3.5 i didn't have any money |
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24. prepositions |
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24.1 the city is in the north |
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24.2 it's on the river seine |
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24.3 it's about 200 km from the sea |
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24.4 london's a lot bigger than paris |
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24.5 tokyo is on the east coast |
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24.6 it's surrounded by mountains |
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24.7 go over the bridge |
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24.8 go along the path |
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24.9 go past the hotel |
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24.10 go round the bend |
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24.11 go up the hill and down the hill |
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24.12 go through the wood |
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24.13 go under the bridge |
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25. Which |
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25.1 Which is relative pronoun |
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25.2 we use which for 'things' |
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a) this is the book. it has the information ~ this is the book which has the information |
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26. Where |
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26.1 Where is relative pronoun |
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26.2 we use where for places |
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a) there's the house. john and mary live in it ~ there's the house where john and mary live |
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27. Who |
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27.1 Who is relative pronoun |
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27.2 we use who for people |
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a) i like the girl. she sits next to me ~ i like the girl who sits next to me |
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Present continues: describes an activity that is happening now. |
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she's wearing jeans. |
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i'm studying english. |
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Spelling of verb + ing. |
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a) most verbs add -ing. |
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wear ~ wearing. |
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go ~ going. |
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cook ~ cooking. |
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b) if the infinitive ends in -e, drop the -e and add -ing. |
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write ~ writing. |
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smile ~ smiling. |
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c) when a one-syllable verb has one vowel and ends in a consonant, double the consonant and add -ing. |
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sit ~ sitting. |
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get ~ getting. |
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run ~ running. |
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Present Simple and Present Continuous. |
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a) the present simple describes things that are always true, or true for a long time. |
| 330 |
i come from switzerland. |
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he works in a bank. |
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he wears a suit to work. |
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do you watch much tv? |
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b) the present continuous describes activities happening now, and temporary activities. |
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dave's coming to see us now. |
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i'm working very hard this week. |
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why are you wearing yellow trousers? |
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shh. i'm watching tv. |
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Something/Nothing. |
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1. Form |
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a) thing: something/anything/everything/nothing. |
| 343 |
b) body: somebody/anybody/everybody/nobody. |
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c) where: somewhere/anywhere/everywhere/nowhere. |
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2. Something/Anything. |
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The rules are the same as for some and any. |
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a) Positive: |
| 348 |
i'd like something to eat. |
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somebody phoned you. |
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b) Negative: |
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i didn't go anywhere. |
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i don't know anybody. |
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c) Question: |
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does anybody know the answer? |
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would you like something to drink? (=an offer). |
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3. Nobody/Nothing/Nowhere |
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a) the forms nobody/nothing/nowhere can be stronger than not anybody/anything/anywhere. |
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i didn't buy anything. |
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i bought nothing (=stronger, more emphatic). |
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b) we use these forms as the subject of a sentence. |
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nobody loves me. |
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nothing is cheap these days. |
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c) we use them in one word answers. |
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where did you go? nowhere. |
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d) we don't use two negatives. |
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i didn't see anybody. |
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nothing is easy. |
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Prepositions. |
| 370 |
i'm on my way home. |
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she's working on her laptop. |
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he works for an international bank. |
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who are you talking to? |
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they're looking at the photo. |
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there's someone on the phone for you. |
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we are learning about history. |
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astronauts work during the week. |
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they like to look out of the window. |
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