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direct and indirect questions: |
| 2 |
- direct questions: |
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^ the word order for most questions is: (question word) + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb: |
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a) what does 'strategy' mean? |
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b) have you finished yet? |
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- subject questions: |
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^ when the question word is the subject of the sentence, use the affirmative form of the verb: |
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a) what happened next? |
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- prepositions in questions |
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^ usually come at the end: |
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a) what are you working on? |
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b) what was thailand like? (here like is a preposition and the question is asking for a description) |
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^ in very formal english, prepositions can come at the beginning. |
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a) in which newspaper did you read it? |
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- short questions: |
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^ often ending in prepositions, are common in conversation: |
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a) a: i'm going out tonight. b: where to? / who with? |
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b) a: i didn't go to the party. b: how come? / why not? |
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c) a: i hate spicy food. b: why's that? / such as? |
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d) a: can you lend me a paintbrush? b: which one? / what for? |
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- indirect questions: |
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^ use indirect questions to ask questions in a more polite way or for very personal questions. |
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^ after the opening phrase, use the affirmative form: |
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a) could you tell me what time the lesson starts? |
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b) do you mind me asking why you left your last job? |
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^ in yes/no questions, use if or whether + the affirmative form. |
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a) do you know if mikes married? |
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^ other opinion phrases include: |
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a) can i ask you ..? |
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b) do you have any idea ..? |
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c) would you mind telling me ..? |
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d) what/why/where/who do you think ..? |
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e) i was wondering .. |
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f) i wonder .. |
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g) i'd be interested to know .. |
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h) i'd like to know .. |
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i) i want to know .. |
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^ only use a question mark if the introductory phrase contains a question: |
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a) i wonder where derek is. how do you think he did that? |
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^ when a question is very personal, start with: |
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a) can i ask a personal question? |
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- Practise: |
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^ Write A's questions in full. |
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a: where have you been? b: At a meeting |
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a: who were you with? b: just people from the office |
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a: what was the meeting like? oh, you know. long. |
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a: do you know what time it is now? b: um.. is it late? |
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a: can i ask you why you didn't phone? b: my mobile was dead |
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a: do you have any idea how worried i was/'ve been? |
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^ Put the words in the correct order to make indirect questions. |
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a) do you know if they accept credit cards here? |
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b) do you mind me asking how you became a model? |
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c) do you have any idea where i can get a coffee at this time? |
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d) would you mind telling me when the computer becomes available? |
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e) can i ask if you're planning to get married? |
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f) i was wondering where you bought that briefcase. |
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^ Complete the two-word questions |
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a: i can't meet you tonight b: no? how come? |
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a: because i'm going out b: where to? |
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a: to the theatre b: who with? |
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a: nobody you know. the tickets were very expensive b: how much? |
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a: i'm not telling. i'll get home late b: what time? |
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a: after midnight. you know, you shouldn't ask so many questions. b: why not? |
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* |
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Present perfect: |
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- the perfect in english is always links two time periods |
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- the present perfect links the past to the present in the following ways |
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- time up to now: |
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^ a completed action or experience that happened at some point in the past before now, e.g. in my life, this year, today. |
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^ the exact time it happened is not specified: |
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a) we've met before |
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b) have you seen jo this week? |
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- recent events: |
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^ a completed action which have a present result or is in some other way relevant to the present |
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^ the exact time it happened is not specified |
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a) no coffee for me, thanks. i've already had one. |
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b) i've lost my phone. has anyone seen it? |
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- ongoing situations: |
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^ an uncompleted state or repeated action that started in the past and continues up to now |
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a) how long have you been on twitter? |
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b) i've swum every morning since may. |
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^ the present perfect continuous can often also be used for this meaning |
| 83 |
- time phrases to talk about the past: |
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^ present perfect: |
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just, already, not yet, ever, recently, lately, since, so far, up to now, until now, over the last year, still not. |
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^ past simple: |
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yesterday, ago, this time last week, on thursday, on 12th may, last week/month/year/winter, when i was younger, until then |
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^ both: |
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never, always, for, before, in the summer, today, this morning/afternoon (depending on whether the period is finished or not) |
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* |
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Polite enquiries: |
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- Opening phrases: |
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^ i'd like to: |
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a) i'd like to ask/find out about.. |
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b) i'd like to enquire about.. |
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c) i'd like to talk to someone about.. |
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^ i'm calling/phoning to: |
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a) i'm calling/phoning to ask/find out about.. |
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b) i'm calling/phoning to enquire about.. |
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c) i'm calling/phoning to talk to someone about.. |
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- Polite enquires: |
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^ i was wondering/i wonder if you could see if there's a place available |
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^ i'd be grateful/i'd appreciate it if you could see if there's a place available |
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^ can/could you tell me when the manager will be back? |
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^ do you mind me asking when the manager will be back? |
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^ would there be any chance of giving me a refund? |
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^ would you mind giving me a refund? |
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* |
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- indirect questions are often used when is rather personal or to make a question sound more polite. |
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- word order in indirect questions is the same as in positive statements. |
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- indirect questions don't use the auxiliaries 'do' or 'did' |
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- when there isn't a question word in the direct question, add if or whether in the indirect question. |
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* |
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before gradable adjectives: |
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- very |
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- rather |
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- extremely |
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- really |
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- quite |
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before extreme adjectives: |
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- totally |
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- absolutely |
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- utterly |
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- completely |
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* |
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the stress is always on the syllable before the suffix: |
| 127 |
- tion; |
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- ity/ety; |
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the stress is on the same syllable as in the adjective: |
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- ness; |
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- ment. |
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