| 1 |
* Narrative Tenses |
| 2 |
^ Use the past simple for completed actions in the past which tell the main events in a story |
| 3 |
a) when i arrived, my friends left |
| 4 |
^ use the past perfect simple to link the past to a point further back in the past. |
| 5 |
a) it is used to talk about completed actions/events that happened |
| 6 |
`before another action/event/the story began |
| 7 |
,my friends had left by the time i arrived |
| 8 |
,when i arrived at the restaurant, my friends had left |
| 9 |
`here we say the events (left, arrived) in a different order from which they occurred |
| 10 |
b) with "thinking" verbs such as realise, remember, forget, find out, think, discover and also with "because" |
| 11 |
`i suddenly remembered i hadn't phoned sue |
| 12 |
`i felt terrible because i'd promised to phone her |
| 13 |
^ use the past continuous (was/were + verb + -ing) |
| 14 |
a) to describe an action in progress |
| 15 |
`at a specified time or point in the story |
| 16 |
`when another shorter action or event happened (usually in the past simple) |
| 17 |
,he was sleeping when the plane landed |
| 18 |
`to set the scene of the story or a section of the story |
| 19 |
,i was walking along the street when i noticed the man |
| 20 |
^ use the past perfect continuous (had + been + verb + -ing) to talk about longer actions or situations which started |
| 21 |
a) before the story began and continued to the beginning of a story |
| 22 |
`the length of the action is often mentioned with for or since |
| 23 |
b) before a point or an action in the story and continued up to that action |
| 24 |
`she had been living there for a week before they met |
| 25 |
c) before a point where there is evidence of a recent activity |
| 26 |
`david looked very tired because he'd been working all night |
| 27 |
* Expressing likes and dislikes |
| 28 |
^ Expressing likes |
| 29 |
a) i'm a big fan of.. |
| 30 |
b) i'm very/really/ quite keen on.. |
| 31 |
c) what i like/love about it is.. |
| 32 |
d) the thing i like about it is that.. |
| 33 |
^ Expressing dislikes |
| 34 |
a) i'm not a big fan of/not that keen on.. |
| 35 |
b) i don't like.. that much |
| 36 |
c) i can't get into.. |
| 37 |
d) i can't stand.. |
| 38 |
e) what i don't like/hate about it is.. |
| 39 |
f) the thing i don't like/hate about it is.. |
| 40 |
^ some of these expressions use special structures to put extra emphasis on the main point |
| 41 |
a) what i + verb (about it) + be (that) + key information |
| 42 |
`what i don't like about it is that some of the dialogue isn't very natural |
| 43 |
,compare: i don't like the unnaturalness of some of the dialogue |
| 44 |
b) the thing i + verb (about it) + be (that) + key information |
| 45 |
`the thing i liked most about it was the plot |
| 46 |
,compare: i liked the plot most |
| 47 |
* I wish, If only |
| 48 |
^ wishes about the present |
| 49 |
a) use wish + past simple for things you want to change but it is impossible or not likely |
| 50 |
`i wish i had more time. (but i don't haver more time) |
| 51 |
`i wish you were here. (but you aren't here) |
| 52 |
b) use wish + could to talk about possibilities and abilities you want to change |
| 53 |
`i wish i could swim. (but i can't) |
| 54 |
c) use wish + person/thing + would to talk about things you want to change because they annoy you. |
| 55 |
c) don't use this to talk about yourself |
| 56 |
`i wish you'd listen to me |
| 57 |
`i wish Pat wouldn't text all the time |
| 58 |
^ notes |
| 59 |
a) in formal english, use i wish + were |
| 60 |
`i wish i were taller |
| 61 |
b) in spoken english it's increasingly common to use i wish + was |
| 62 |
`i wish i was there |
| 63 |
^ regrets about the past |
| 64 |
a) use wish + past perfect to talk about things which happened or didn't happen in the past and which you regret now |
| 65 |
`i wish i'd stayed at home |
| 66 |
`they wish they hadn't come |
| 67 |
`i wish i'd never met him |
| 68 |
^ if only |
| 69 |
a) use if only instead of wish to talk about the present or past |
| 70 |
b) it can show more emotion than i wish although this depends on intonation |
| 71 |
`if only we lived nearer my parents |
| 72 |
`if only i could afford a holiday |
| 73 |
`if only the car would start |
| 74 |
`if only i'd listened to my teacher |
Комментарии