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* |
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* Present and past habits |
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^ present habits |
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a) use the present simple, often with frequency adverbs for regular repeated actions or states, such as |
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`usually |
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`always |
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`normally |
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`typically |
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`generally |
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,i usually get on very well with my brother |
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b) use always + present continuous for a habit which the speaker often finds annoying |
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`the people next door are always holding late-night parties. |
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c) use will + infinitive for regular habits |
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`this use of will is not connected to the future |
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`on saturdays i'll usually buy croissants and we'll have them for breakfast |
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^ past habits |
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a) use the past simple often with frequency adverbs, for regular repeated actions or states in the past |
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`we generally travelled to the campsite by car |
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b) use always + past continuous for annoying habits in the past |
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`she was always criticising me |
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c) use "used to" plus infinitive for repeated activities or states in the past which usually don't continue now |
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`jon used to smoke, but he doesn't any longer |
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`it didn't use to be so expensive |
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d) use would + infinitive for repeated activities in the past |
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`don't use it for states |
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`sometimes would has the idea of nostalgia |
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`this use of would is not connected to conditionals |
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,we'd sit down together for our meals. |
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* |
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* Future forms |
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^ when talking about the future, the choice of form is often flexible and depends on what the speaker wants to express |
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^ plans, intentions and decisions |
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a) use be going to + infinitive to talk about general plans, arrangements and intentions about the future |
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b) use might/could/may + infinitive when a plan or intention is not definite |
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c) examples |
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`i'm going to look for a job in new york |
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`we might go away for the weekend |
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d) use the present continuous to talk about definite arrangements or plans |
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`what are you doing today? i'm having lunch with mitsuko |
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e) the following phrases can also be used for intentions and plans |
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`planning to/hoping to + infinitive |
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`thinking of + -ing |
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`examples |
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,pete's hoping to go to university next year |
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,are you thinking of leaving the company? |
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f) use will ('ll in spoken english) to talk about decisions made at the moment of speaking |
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`this is often used with i think |
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,i'm tired. i think i'll go to bed now |
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^ Predictions |
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a) use will/might/could/won't + infinitive to make predictions based on opinion. |
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`use with verbs such as think, hope, epxect, know, guess, be sure or adverbs such as maybe, perhaps. |
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,i expect sara will agree. |
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,i'm sure everything will be fine. |
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b) use will + definitely/certainly/possibly/probably to say how certain you are |
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`note the word order with won't |
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,jodie and al will probably get divorced soon. |
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,you definitely won't get a ticket now. |
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c) use be likely to + infinitive for strong possibility |
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`she's likely to be tired after the journey |
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d) use be due to + infinitive for sth that is expected or scheduled to happen |
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`meg is due to retire next year. |
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e) use going to to make a prediction based on present evidence. |
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`look at those clouds. it's going to rain. |
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`lisa's going to have a baby. |
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^ future facts |
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a) use the present simples to talk about schedules, timetables and itineraries. |
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`the course starts in september |
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`we leave at 6 a.m. |
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b) use will + infinitive for future facts |
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`your dry-cleaning will be ready tomorrow. |
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`i'll be 28 next year. |
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* Describing procedures |
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^ the aim of an activity |
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a) the point is to.. |
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b) the point/goal/aim is for you to.. |
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^ emphasise an important point |
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a) the key/main/most important thing is to.. |
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^ different procedures or steps |
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a) basically the way it works is that the first player.. |
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b) what happens (next) is that you.. |
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c) the first/next/last thing you do is you.. |
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d) after you've finished/done that, you.. |
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e) what you have to do is to.. |
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f) first,/next,/after that,/then,/finally, you.. |
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