| 1 |
pass sth on (to sb) or pass on sth (to sb) -- tell sb a piece of information that another person has told you: could you pass the message on to your classmates? |
| 2 |
a classmate. |
| 3 |
make sth up or make up sth -- invent an excuse, explanation, a story, etc.: i was late for work so i made up an excuse. |
| 4 |
turn out -- happen in a particular way or have a particular result, which is often unexpected: i wasn't looking forward to the evening, but it turned out to be a lot of fun. |
| 5 |
run sb/sth over or run over sb/sth -- hit sb or sth while you're driving and knock them to the ground: i accidentally ran over a cat last night. |
| 6 |
go off -- when a bomb goes off, it explodes: the bomb went off at exactly 7 p.m. |
| 7 |
run away -- leave a place quickly because you're frightened or don't want to get caught: the thief took my bag and ran away. |
| 8 |
work sth out or work out sth: understand or find the answer to sth by thinking about it: it took me ages to work out the answer to question three. |
| 9 |
get away with sth -- avoid punishment for sth: he travelled on a false passport and got away with it. |
| 10 |
knock sb out or knock out sb -- hit sb hard so that they become unconscious: the mugger hit the man so hard that he knocked him out. |
| 11 |
come round -- become conscious again after being knocked out: when he came round, he couldn't remember anything. |
| 12 |
'turn out' is often followed by the infinitive with to or '(that) + clause': the trip turned out to be rather exciting ~ it turns out (that) we went to the same school. |
| 13 |
'work out' is often followed by a question word: i couldn't work out WHAT was happening. |
| 14 |
the outback -- the areas of Australia that are far away from towns and cities, especially the desert areas in central Australia. |
| 15 |
we use the past simple for completed actions in the past. |
| 16 |
completed actions (past simple) tell the main events of the story in the order that they happened: one day, one of the sailors went for a drive in the outback and accidentally ran over a kangaroo. |
| 17 |
we use the past continuous for a longer action that was in progress when another (shorter) action happened: while the sailor was taking some photos, the kangaroo came round. |
| 18 |
we also use the past continuous for background information that isn't part of the main story: in 1987 the world's best sailors were competing in the America's Cup yacht race off the coast of Fremantle. |
| 19 |
we also use the past continuous when two longer actions are happening at the same time: while i was watching TV, Steve was making dinner. |
| 20 |
we often use when, while and as with the past continuous: Tony phoned me when/while/as i was getting ready to leave. |
| 21 |
we usually use past perfect simple for an action that was completed before another action in the past: after he cashed his cheque the insurance company told the police what had happened. |
| 22 |
he cashed his cheque. |
| 23 |
the insurance company. |
| 24 |
we usually use the past perfect continuous for a longer action that started before another action in the past (and often continued up to this past action): a man from North Carolina had been searching for a special make of cigar and eventually he bought a box of 24. |
| 25 |
a special make of cigar. |
| 26 |
make a claim. |
| 27 |
if the order of past events is clear, we don't usually use the past perfect: i woke up, got dressed and made some breakfast. |
| 28 |
when we're telling a story, we don't have to use the past perfect every time we refer to sth further in the past. |
| 29 |
when we have established the time, we can use the past simple or the past continuous: i started telling everyone about the wedding i'd been to in Mexico two years earlier. my sister was getting married and i arrived late for the ceremony. |
| 30 |
the ceremony. |
| 31 |
we can use by the time, when, because, so, before, after, as soon as and until to make sentences with the past perfect: by the time i got there, most people had gone home. |
| 32 |
we don't have to use the past perfect with because, so, before, after, as soon as or until because the order of events is usually clear: i (had) called her before i left the office; i waited until everybody (had) arrived. |
| 33 |
we often use the past perfect after knew, realised, thought, forgot and remembered: i knew that she'd been looking for a new job; i realised that i'd left my keys in the office. |
| 34 |
urban legend ~ urban myths -- is a funny, surprising or scary story that is told again and again. they're usually made up, but some of them are based on actual events. |
| 35 |
a bug (us) ~ an insect (uk). |
| 36 |
an insurance claim. |
| 37 |
sue someone. |
| 38 |
get rid of. |
| 39 |
insectiside. |
| 40 |
be getting to one's feet. |
| 41 |
step back. |
| 42 |
diligent -- working hard with care and effort: a diligent student. |
| 43 |
a novelist -- a person who writes novels. |
| 44 |
a literary genre -- literature which has the same style or subject. |
| 45 |
chick lit -- a genre of fiction which focuses on young women and their emotional lives |
| 46 |
chick flick -- a film in that genre. |
| 47 |
a plot -- the story of a book, film, play. |
| 48 |
blurb -- a brief description of the book's contents found on the back over. |
| 49 |
browse -- walk around a shop looking at things, but without planning to buy anything. |
| 50 |
a paperback -- a book that has a cover made of thin card (opposite: hardback). |
| 51 |
e-book -- an electronic book that you download onto an iPad, Kindle. |
| 52 |
flick through -- look quickly at the pages of a book, magazine, newspaper. |
| 53 |
contents page -- the list of items in a book or magazine showing the page number they begin on. |
| 54 |
be cruel to someone. |
| 55 |
the manuscript. |
| 56 |
the baby's due. |
| 57 |
non-essential information. |
| 58 |
defining relative clauses give you essential information so that you know which person, thing, etc. the writer or speaker is talking about: the people who came to the church had no idea there was going to be a wedding. |
| 59 |
in defining relative clause we use who (or that) for people: all thoses who/that were cruel to her are made to suffer. |
| 60 |
in defining relative clause we use that (or which) for things: this is a wedding scenario that/which Cecelia might have written for one of her own novels. |
| 61 |
in defining relative clause we use whose for possession: it's about a young woman whose husband dies. |
| 62 |
in defining relative clause we use where for places: one day hise wife was emptying a bin where King had thrown the manuscript. |
| 63 |
in defining relative clause we use when for times: his first major success came when his manuscript for a book called 'Carrie' was accepted by a publisher in 1973. |
| 64 |
we don't use commas with defining relative clauses. |
| 65 |
we can't use what in defining relative clauses. |
| 66 |
however, we can use what to mean 'the thing/things that': can you tell me what he said? ~ can you tell me the thing/the things he said? |
| 67 |
we can leave out 'who, that or which' when these words aren't the subject of the defining relative clause. |
| 68 |
in this sentence we must use 'that' because it is the subject of the relative clause: these stories were the beginning of a writing career that has made King the most successful American author in history. |
| 69 |
in this sentence we can leave out 'that' because it is the object of the relative clause: this is a wedding scenario (that) Cecelia might have written for one of her own novels. |
| 70 |
we never leave out 'whose' in defining relative clauses. |
| 71 |
we can usually leave out 'where' in defining relative clauses if we add a preposition at the end of the relative clause: that's the house where i was born = that's the house i was born in. |
| 72 |
we can only leave out 'when' if the time reference is clear: that's the day (when) the baby's due. |
| 73 |
non-defining relative clauses add extra non-essential information: Stephen King, who came from a very poor family, began selling stories to friends at school when he was just 12. |
| 74 |
we don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clause. |
| 75 |
whe can't leave out 'who, which, whose, etc.' in non-defining clause. |
| 76 |
we must use commas with non-defining clauses. |
| 77 |
non-defining relative clauses are more common in written English than spoken English, particularly in stories and more formal types of writing. |
| 78 |
in negative form past perfect simple and past perfect continuous have different meanings. |
| 79 |
in negative form past perfect simple means a negation of action. |
| 80 |
in negative form past perfect continuous means (might) a negation of a sign of action (adverb). |
| 81 |
in positive form past perfect simple and past perfect continuous sometimes have a little difference. in continuous some kind of irritating, in simple the time is important for us: we had already waited over 2 hours ~ we had been wating 2 over 2 hours. |
| 82 |
propose to someone. |
| 83 |
marriage. |
| 84 |
husband's terrible moods. |
| 85 |
leave the house in a terrible mess. |
| 86 |
the phone was off the hook. |
| 87 |
the phone bill. |
| 88 |
the telephone company. |
| 89 |
producing wine ~ making wine. |
| 90 |
he worked out an idea ~ an idea occured to him. |
| 91 |
he came up with an idea -- means, he made people put it into practise. |
| 92 |
fellow-student. |
| 93 |
in front of the door. |
| 94 |
before is used for time. |
| 95 |
at the shop. |
| 96 |
security box. |
| 97 |
playwright. |
| 98 |
course-book. |
| 99 |
arrive in a country, in a city, but at a hotel, at the airport, etc. |
| 100 |
non-fiction. |
| 101 |
get a souvenir. |
| 102 |
look kind. |
| 103 |
look hospitable. |
| 104 |
hat scarf. |
| 105 |
the America's Cup yaght. |
| 106 |
go for a drive. |
| 107 |
lean: the sailor leaned the dead kangaroo against the side of the car. |
| 108 |
take pictures: he decided to take a few pictures to show his friends. |
| 109 |
grief: the letters, which are meant to help Holly through her grief. |
| 110 |
they are meant to.. |
| 111 |
a wealthy author. |
| 112 |
at a ceremony. |
| 113 |
the aisle. |
| 114 |
go/walk down the aisle (id) ~ get married. |
| 115 |
manuscript. |
| 116 |
publisher. |
| 117 |
a high-school girl. |
| 118 |
miserable. |
| 119 |
bullying and making fun of someone. |
| 120 |
psychic powers. |
| 121 |
be cruel to someone. |
| 122 |
empty a bin. |
| 123 |
advance payment: the publishers gave King $2500 advance payment for the manuscript. |
| 124 |
a tragic romance. |
| 125 |
science fiction. |
| 126 |
fantasy. |
| 127 |
psycological thriller. |
| 128 |
horror. |
| 129 |
get published. |
| 130 |
annual income. |
| 131 |
the question about defining clauses is 'which one?'. |
| 132 |
predicate. |
| 133 |
the question about non-defining clauses is 'what kind of ...?'. |
| 134 |
the question about non-defining clauses is 'where?'. |
| 135 |
in a series of small fires. |
| 136 |
an insurer. |
| 137 |
the man's claim was valid. |
| 138 |
he was arrested on 24 counts of arson. |
| 139 |
reduced relative clause -- when a defining relative clause contains a continuous or passive verb form, we can often leave out who, that, or which and the auxiliary. |
| 140 |
reduced relative clause: in the end the students (who are) bullying Carrie get what they deserve (are bullying = present continuous). |
| 141 |
reduced relative clause: the second novecl (that was) written by Ahern is called 'Where Rainbow End' (was written = past simple passive). |
| 142 |
grand-niece. |
| 143 |
team up -- join another person or form a group with other people, in order to do sth together: they teamed up for a charity performance. |
| 144 |
get information. |
| 145 |
they deepen their friendship. |
| 146 |
an investigative journalist. |
| 147 |
tragically. |
| 148 |
shortly: one day, shortly after delivering his final manuscript to the publisher. |
| 149 |
take the stairs. |
| 150 |
a heavy smoker. |
| 151 |
trilogy. |
| 152 |
computer hacking. |
| 153 |
anarchist. |
| 154 |
tattoo. |
| 155 |
gist. read quickly for gist. |
| 156 |
thriller. |
| 157 |
historical novel. |
| 158 |
chick -- is a slang term for a woman that is often considered offensive. |
| 159 |
lit -- is a short for literature. |
| 160 |
we can say flick through or flip through. |
| 161 |
advance payment. |
| 162 |
walk sb down the aisle. |
| 163 |
you can also highlight that in non-defining relative clauses 'who' or 'which' can also refer to a whole clause: the book has dozens of characters, which can make the plot difficult to follow (which refers to 'the fact that the book has dozens of characters'). |
| 164 |
this novel takes place. |
| 165 |
provide a focus. |
| 166 |
decide on: whoever comes to the meeting decides on one to read next time. |
| 167 |
guest speaker. |
| 168 |
give a reading: she's giving a reading from her book tonight. |
| 169 |
lend (to) sb. |
| 170 |
from cover to cover. |
| 171 |
practical joke. |
| 172 |
it makes you feel uncomfortable. |
| 173 |
make fun of someone. |
| 174 |
play practical jokes on. |
| 175 |
on one another. |
| 176 |
benefit sb: why would the left-handed Whopper benefit left-handed people? |
| 177 |
nylon. |
| 178 |
keypad. |
| 179 |
1. giving reasons -- because. |
| 180 |
2. giving reasons -- because of. |
| 181 |
3. giving reasons -- since. |
| 182 |
4. giving reasons -- as. |
| 183 |
5. giving reasons -- due to. |
| 184 |
1. expressing contrast -- however. |
| 185 |
2. expressing contrast -- apart from. |
| 186 |
3. expressing contrast -- instead of. |
| 187 |
4. expressing contrast -- despite. |
| 188 |
5. expressing contrast -- even though. |
| 189 |
6. expressing contrast -- whereas. |
| 190 |
7. expressing contrast -- nevertheless. |
| 191 |
because, however, whereas, as, since, even though and nevertheless are followed by a clause (subject + verb + ...): .. because we often play practical jokes on each other. |
| 192 |
apart from, instead of, despite, due to and because of are followed by a noun or verb+ing: .. apart from one thing; instead of coming out of the left. |
| 193 |
after 'due to' and 'because of' it is more common to use a noun than verb+ing: .. due to a technical breakthrough. |
| 194 |
a technical breakthrough. |
| 195 |
we can also use these phrases for expression contrast -- except for (= apart from), in spite of (=despite), although (= even though). |
| 196 |
we use however and nevertheless to contrast two sentences. |
| 197 |
we usually put however and nevertheless at the beginning of the second sentence. |
| 198 |
we use the other words/phrases in the table to contrast two clauses in the same sentence. |
| 199 |
we can put these words/phrases at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence: even though i was tired, i enjoyed myself = i enjoyed myself, even though i was tired. |
| 200 |
at the beginning, but in the middle. |
| 201 |
we can also say in spite of/despite the fact that + clause: the ad fooled thousands of people, in spite of/despite the fact that it was published on April Fool's Day. |
| 202 |
April Fool's Day. |
| 203 |
on this day. |
| 204 |
drip -- if a liquid drips, it falls in drops, or you make it fall in drops: water dripped down the wall; she dripped paint on the carpet. |
| 205 |
Sweden: this time on 1962, comes from Sweden. |
| 206 |
technology. |
| 207 |
a spinning disc. a spinning disc on the screen. |
| 208 |
backward: for example, pointing your thumbs backwards over your shoulders would signal 'reply all'. |
| 209 |
a former taxi-driver. |
| 210 |
an IT assistant. |
| 211 |
go on live TV. |
| 212 |
in reception. |
| 213 |
jog. |
| 214 |
a lady put some make up on me. |
| 215 |
be fitted with sth: i was fitted with a microphone. |
| 216 |
be on air: when i realised i was on air, what could i do? |
| 217 |
viewers of the most-watched tv interview in months. |
| 218 |
the key moment. |
| 219 |
head of sth: head of newswireless.net. |
| 220 |
flit: across his expressive face flit. |
| 221 |
bring the item to a close. |
| 222 |
be in demand as a celebrity. |
| 223 |
tarmac can be a noun and a verb. |
| 224 |
actually, -- correct sth that the other person said. |
| 225 |
so all in all, -- summarise the outcome of sth. |
| 226 |
anyway, -- return to the main topic. |
| 227 |
apparently, -- say sth that he/she is not certain is true. |
| 228 |
according to .. , -- say sth that someone else told him/her. |
| 229 |
meanwhile, -- introduce sth happening at the same time, but in a different place. |
| 230 |
in the end, -- tell you the conclusion of the story. |
| 231 |
luckily, -- tell you sth good or fortunate. |
| 232 |
by the way, -- move on to a different/new topic. |
| 233 |
we can say luckily or fortunately. |
| 234 |
at any one time. |
| 235 |
be indoors. |
| 236 |
worth of damage: and causing over $150 000 worth of damage. |
| 237 |
the ground crew. |
| 238 |
seasickness. |
| 239 |
radio for: they couldn't radio for help. |
| 240 |
close by: he spotted an island close by. |
| 241 |
once i got there. |
| 242 |
have a bite. |
| 243 |
the departure gate. |
| 244 |
hear them call my flight. |
| 245 |
proceed to: please proceed to gate 25 immediately. |
| 246 |
the airline. |
| 247 |
go down the stairs. |
| 248 |
on the tormac. |
| 249 |
a set of steps: there was a small set of steps going up to the plane. |
| 250 |
wound. |
| 251 |
start filling up with water. |
| 252 |
radio for help. |
| 253 |
remove the sails. |
| 254 |
seasickness. |
| 255 |
close by: Penny spotted an island close by. |
| 256 |
search: Alice and James began searching the island. |
| 257 |
shellfish. |
| 258 |
volcAno. |
| 259 |
get off: he realised that they had to get off the island as soon as possible. |
| 260 |
at destination: they never arrived at their destination. |
| 261 |
hi, i'm home. |
| 262 |
turn up. |
| 263 |
wait in. |
| 264 |
the date of the delivery. |
| 265 |
you must be joking! |
| 266 |
1. saying you're surprised -- i don't believe it! |
| 267 |
2. saying you're surprised -- you must be joking! |
| 268 |
3. saying you're surprised -- you're kidding! |
| 269 |
4. saying you're surprised -- why on earth (doesn't he listen to me)? |
| 270 |
5. wow, that's fantastic news! |
| 271 |
1. saying you're not surprised -- i'm not surprised, to be honest. |
| 272 |
2. saying you're not surprised -- i bet you were. |
| 273 |
3. saying you're not surprised -- well, no wonder (you've got a virus). |
| 274 |
4. saying you're not surprised -- well, he would say that, wouldn't he? |
| 275 |
5. saying you're not surprised -- yes, i can imagine. |
| 276 |
we can also say you're joking! and you must be kidding!. |
| 277 |
we can also say what/who/where/how on earth..? |
| 278 |
we often use negative auxiliaries in questions when we think we know the answer. the answer we expect can be yes or no, depending on the context. |
| 279 |
i'm dying for a drink -- very thirsty. |
| 280 |
i'm speechless -- very shocked, surprised, or angry. |
| 281 |
i'm over the moon -- very happy. |
| 282 |
i'm scared stiff -- very frightened. |
| 283 |
i'm starving -- very hungry. |
| 284 |
i'm going out of my mind -- very worried. |
| 285 |
it costs a fortune -- very expensive. |
| 286 |
it's a nightmare -- a very difficult situation. |
| 287 |
it's killing me -- very painful. |
| 288 |
it drives me crazy -- makes me very angry. |
| 289 |
it takes forever -- a very long time. |
| 290 |
be on the internet. |
| 291 |
anti-virus software. |
| 292 |
have a look at sth. |
| 293 |
get a call from someone. |
| 294 |
be caught fighting. |
| 295 |
stay out of trouble. |
| 296 |
one piece of good news. |
| 297 |
the ski resort. |
| 298 |
bar work. |
| 299 |
a single acting job. |
| 300 |
come to the barbecue. |
| 301 |
in the oven. |
| 302 |
it weighs a ton -- very heavy. |
| 303 |
exaggerate. |
| 304 |
stiff. |
| 305 |
we often use 'Guess what!' to introduce surprising news. |
| 306 |
the tv delivery company. |
| 307 |
CAnada. |
| 308 |
a film contract. |
| 309 |
get 10 % of what someone earns. |
| 310 |
now, there's an idea. |
| 311 |
due -- expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time. |
| 312 |
the cuts in salary. |
| 313 |
innocence. |
| 314 |
the lost property office. |
| 315 |
a sports car. |
| 316 |
on the street. |
| 317 |
break in: the thief broke in. |
| 318 |
the car broke down. |
| 319 |
if i didn't enjoy working for this company, i'd look for another job. |
| 320 |
work for a company, but look for a job. |
| 321 |
go there again. |
| 322 |
we'd have got there if we hadn't got stuck in traffic. |
| 323 |
you look awful. |
| 324 |
oh dear, poor you. |
| 325 |
bank account. |
| 326 |
behave more responsibly. |
| 327 |
Len and Paula are breaking up. |
| 328 |
i'm freezing. |
| 329 |
the motorway. |
| 330 |
on the way back. |
| 331 |
on top of the world ~ be over the moon. |
| 332 |
go out of someone's mind with sth. |
| 333 |
oh no, not again! |
| 334 |
a mechanic: anyway, it took the mechanic two hours to arrive. |
| 335 |
to say the least. |
| 336 |
fix a car. |
| 337 |
well done. |
| 338 |
it's such a relief. |
| 339 |
the side of the car. |
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