| 1 |
behaviour. |
| 2 |
a guard dog. |
| 3 |
breeding. |
| 4 |
it earns you money. |
| 5 |
a faithful friend. |
| 6 |
a rewarding job. |
| 7 |
jealousy. |
| 8 |
time-consuming -- when sth takes a long time to do: house work is very time-consuming. |
| 9 |
rewarding -- feel satisfied because you have done sth well: teaching can be a very rewarding job. |
| 10 |
unsuitable -- not acceptable or right for somebody or sth: that TV programme is unsuitable for children. |
| 11 |
unsuitable ~ suitable. |
| 12 |
destructive -- cause damage: Jealousy is very destructive in a relationship. |
| 13 |
faithful -- loyal and always supporting somebody or sth: he's a very faithful friend |
| 14 |
unfaithful ~ faithful. |
| 15 |
affectionate -- showing feelings of liking somebody: she's a very affectionate little girl. |
| 16 |
eager -- want to do or have sth very much: she's eager to meet you. |
| 17 |
harmless -- not dangerous in any way: don't be frightened, the snake's harmless. |
| 18 |
enthusiastic -- show a lot of interest in and excitement about sth. |
| 19 |
lucrative -- a job or activity that earns you a lot of money: breeding horses can be very lucrative. |
| 20 |
rare -- not common: this kind of jewellery is very rare. |
| 21 |
fierce -- physically aggressive and frightening: guard dogs have to be fierce. |
| 22 |
outrageous -- shocking and unacceptable: his behaviour was unacceptable. |
| 23 |
weird -- very strange and unusual: her boyfriend's a bit weird. |
| 24 |
exotic -- unusual and exciting and related to foreign countries: they're very exotic birds. |
| 25 |
addictive -- an activity that is so enjoyable you don't want to stop: computer games can become addictive. |
| 26 |
impressed -- feel admiration or respect for somebody / sth: i was very impressed with her presentation. |
| 27 |
impressed by/with. |
| 28 |
become addictive. |
| 29 |
in a relationship. |
| 30 |
in the home -- might like in a family. |
| 31 |
eager to please. |
| 32 |
exploit. exploit animals. |
| 33 |
tarantula. |
| 34 |
obey. |
| 35 |
obey someone's owner. |
| 36 |
koi. |
| 37 |
in search of: he goes in search of the world's most expensive fish. |
| 38 |
collectable. |
| 39 |
take sth seriously: people could take fish so seriously. |
| 40 |
it's very calming to watch. |
| 41 |
the lead singer. |
| 42 |
specially-built garden. |
| 43 |
specimen -- sth shown or examined as an example; a typical example: he had a collection of rare insect specimens. |
| 44 |
it seems outrageous to me. |
| 45 |
a luxury car. |
| 46 |
goldfish. |
| 47 |
a living jewel. |
| 48 |
the electricity supply to sth. |
| 49 |
assure sb/sth. |
| 50 |
a great/good deal -- a large amount (only with uncountable): she spends a good deal of her time in China. |
| 51 |
1. a big difference -- far (more addictive) than. |
| 52 |
1.2 a big difference -- nowhere near as (high) as. |
| 53 |
1.3 a big difference -- considerably (less) than. |
| 54 |
1.4 a big difference -- not nearly as (exotic) as. |
| 55 |
1.5 a big difference -- a great deal (cheaper) than. |
| 56 |
1.6 a big difference -- we can also say 'not anywhere (near) as': the normal price isn't anywhere near as high as that. |
| 57 |
2. a small difference -- almost as (much) as. |
| 58 |
2.1 a small difference -- nearly as (expensive) as. |
| 59 |
2.2 a small difference -- slightly (bigger) than. |
| 60 |
2.3 a small difference -- not quite as (enthusiastic) as. |
| 61 |
3. no difference -- as (beautiful) as. |
| 62 |
3.1 no difference -- not any (nicer) than. |
| 63 |
3.2 no difference -- no (more time-consuming) than. |
| 64 |
we use comparatives with than: they're slightly bigger than the one's i've got. |
| 65 |
we use adjectives with as ... as: the normal price is nowhere near as high as that. |
| 66 |
we can also use much / a lot with comparatives to talk about a big difference: koi are much / a lot more expensive than goldfish. |
| 67 |
we can also use a bit/ a little with comparatives to talk about a small difference: this one's a bit/a little cheaper than all the others. |
| 68 |
we can use 'just' with as ... as to add emphasis: they're just as beautiful as mine. |
| 69 |
we can also use more, less and fewer with nouns: there are far more people here than i expected. |
| 70 |
we usually use less with uncountable nouns and fewer with countable nouns: i have less free time and fewer days off than i used to have. |
| 71 |
we can say i'm not nearly as rich as he/she is, or i'm not nearly as rich as him/her. |
| 72 |
we can use twice/three times/ four times, etc. + as ... as to compare two things: the koi were only about twice as big as my goldfish ~ the goldfish were half size of the koi. |
| 73 |
for long adjectives, we can use get + more (and more) + adjective to describe sth that continuously changes: koi are getting more and more expensive ~ the price is increasing all the time. |
| 74 |
for short adjectives, we can use get + comparative + and + comparative to describe sth that continuously changes: the survival rate was getting better and better. |
| 75 |
we can use the + comparative/more ..., the + comparative ... to say that one thing depends on the other: the bigger they are, the more they cost ~ how much they cost depends on how big they are. |
| 76 |
the sooner, the better = as soon as possible: when do you want that report? | the sooner, the better. |
| 77 |
the more i learned about koi, the more interested i became = every time i learned sth new about koi, i became more interested in them. |
| 78 |
we can use 'addictive' to describe somebody's personality, meaning that they are easily addicted to things. |
| 79 |
personality. |
| 80 |
koi -- is the Japanese word for carp. |
| 81 |
koi -- is both a singular and plural word. |
| 82 |
be likely to do sth -- sth that you have a high chance of doing. |
| 83 |
make better: whether cats make better pets than dogs. |
| 84 |
damage the furniture. |
| 85 |
protect your property. |
| 86 |
get older. |
| 87 |
unemployment figures. |
| 88 |
people now live. |
| 89 |
private home. |
| 90 |
chihuahua. |
| 91 |
cushion. |
| 92 |
as easy. |
| 93 |
a local zoo. |
| 94 |
a tortoise. |
| 95 |
not at all as ... as. |
| 96 |
not on purpose. |
| 97 |
alike -- like similar. |
| 98 |
1. a big difference: they're totally/completely different. |
| 99 |
1.2 a big difference: it's hard to compare them. |
| 100 |
1.3 a big difference: they're almost nothing alike. |
| 101 |
1.4 a big difference: they're so different. |
| 102 |
1.5 a big difference: it's impossible to compare them. |
| 103 |
1.6 a big difference: they're nothing alike. |
| 104 |
1.7 a big difference: so much + comparative + than. |
| 105 |
1.8 a big difference: is way + comparative + than. |
| 106 |
2. close similarity: they're so alike. |
| 107 |
2.1 close similarity: i can hardly tell them apart / from each other. |
| 108 |
2.2 close similarity: they look so similar. |
| 109 |
2.3 close similarity: they're equally chatty / funny. |
| 110 |
2.4 close similarity: just as ... as. |
| 111 |
2.5 close similarity: the way they verb is so similar. |
| 112 |
3. small difference: a bit + comparative. |
| 113 |
3.1 small difference: a little + comparative. |
| 114 |
3.2 small difference: a touch + comparative. |
| 115 |
3.3 small difference: not quite as ... as. |
| 116 |
3.4 small difference: vary much. |
| 117 |
3.5 small difference: much the same. |
| 118 |
3.6 small difference: all pretty similar. |
| 119 |
3.7 small difference: more or less like. |
| 120 |
like + noun ~ alike. |
| 121 |
make easily. |
| 122 |
catch up on noune | verbing. |
| 123 |
catch up with sth/sb. |
| 124 |
a passer-by. |
| 125 |
go for a run. |
| 126 |
catch up on -- reach the same standard or level as other people: i try to catch up on any school work i've missed. |
| 127 |
cheer up -- start to feel happier than you were: if i'm feeling a bit depressed, dancing always cheers me up. |
| 128 |
fit In with -- agree to do what somebody else decides to do: i don't mind where we eat. i'll fit in with what everyone else wants to do. |
| 129 |
pass by -- go past somewhere: do you past by the post office on your way home? |
| 130 |
talk sb Into sth -- persuade sb to do sth: i was tired but he talked me into going for a run. |
| 131 |
go ahead -- proceed with a plan: go ahead and eat. don't wait for us. |
| 132 |
put (sb) out -- when sth is inconvenient for somebody: i hope we didn't put your parents out by arriving so early for lunch. |
| 133 |
cheer up, pass by, talk into, put out -- type 3 phrasal verbs. |
| 134 |
type 3 phrasal verbs -- transitive and separable with one particle (adverb or preposition) |
| 135 |
type 3 phrasal verbs: i took the tie (noun) off ~ i took off the tie (noun), but only i took it (pronoun) off. |
| 136 |
catch up with and fit In with -- type 4 phrasal verb. |
| 137 |
come to class. |
| 138 |
to the public. |
| 139 |
span: it's history spans almost 1000 years. |
| 140 |
at short notice. |
| 141 |
opening arrangements. |
| 142 |
a visit. |
| 143 |
as well as: Princes William and Harry were educated, as well as 19 British prime ministers. |
| 144 |
a scholar -- a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university: a classic/history scholar. |
| 145 |
privileged background. |
| 146 |
date from: their school uniform dates from the 1850s and consists of a black tailcoat, waistcoat, and pinstriped trousers. |
| 147 |
pinstripe -- a usually dark cloth with a pattern of narrow, usually pale, parallel lines. |
| 148 |
tailcoat -- and old-fashioned type of man's coat (on bals i was wearing). |
| 149 |
waistcoat (US vest) -- a piece of clothing that covers the upper body but not the arms and usually has buttons down the front, worn over a shirt. |
| 150 |
guide. |
| 151 |
make easily. |
| 152 |
how lovely to hear from you! |
| 153 |
end-of-term. end-of-term exams. |
| 154 |
head down: anyway, the reason i'm calling is that we're heading down to your part of the world next week on holiday. |
| 155 |
bed-and-breakfast. |
| 156 |
cheap deal. |
| 157 |
at this time of year. |
| 158 |
pack out: Windsor is packed out during school holidays. |
| 159 |
oddly enough,. |
| 160 |
there's a documentary on about Eton. |
| 161 |
whichever: i'll fit in with whichever day suits you. |
| 162 |
drive down -- like go somewhere. |
| 163 |
right, that's settled. |
| 164 |
sure you don't mind? |
| 165 |
you're mad! |
| 166 |
be behind. |
| 167 |
lay a lawn. |
| 168 |
pollen. |
| 169 |
on a timetable. |
| 170 |
get promoted. |
| 171 |
1. Future Verb Forms -- we use 'be going to' to talk about a personal plan or intention: we're going to take Alice to Windsor Castle. |
| 172 |
1. Future Verb Forms -- we use 'be going to' to talk about a prediction that is based on present evidence (sth we know or can see now): she did so little preparation i think she's going to fail some of them. |
| 173 |
1.1 Future Verb Forms -- we use the Present Continuous to talk about an arrangement with other people or organisations: we're staying in a bed-and-breakfast for a few days. |
| 174 |
1.2 Future Verb Forms -- we use 'will' to talk about decision that is made at the time of speaking: i'll fit in with whichever daky suits you. |
| 175 |
1.2 Future Verb Forms -- we use 'will' to talk about a prediction that is not based on present evidence: i'm sure he'll enjoye Windsor Great Park. |
| 176 |
1.3 Future Verb Forms -- we use the Present Simple to talk about a fixed event on a timetable, calendar, etc.: it's on BBC2 tomorrow. it starts ad 8:30. |
| 177 |
when we use the Present Continuous for the future, we usually know exactly when these arrangements are happening: i'm meeting Bill at four thirty. |
| 178 |
we can also use 'be going to' to talk about arrangements with other people or organisations: what time are you going to see the doctor? |
| 179 |
we often use 'definitely' and 'probably' with will/won't. notice the word order: Tanya will definitely/probably get promoted. Gary definitely/probably won't get promoted. |
| 180 |
we also use 'will' to talk about future facts and for offers: i'll be fifty next birthday. i'll give you a hand with the washing-up. |
| 181 |
for future will be -- at the moment of speaking. |
| 182 |
for future will be -- kind of promises. |
| 183 |
for future will be -- voluntary offer. |
| 184 |
for future will be -- prediction based on feelings. |
| 185 |
for future PC -- arranged at a certain time (strong). |
| 186 |
for future be going to -- arranged at a certain time, but not as strong as PC. |
| 187 |
for future will be verbing. |
| 188 |
for future future perfect -- for finished moment. |
| 189 |
for future be + to + infinitive -- official: London buses are to strike this afternoon. |
| 190 |
in the normal course of events. |
| 191 |
'be going to' for making predictions based on present evidence: we're going to visit Buckingham Palace. |
| 192 |
'be going to' for personal plans or intentions: i'm going to buy some fresh herbs. |
| 193 |
'present simple' for fixed events on a timetable: the castle doesn't open until ten. |
| 194 |
'present continuous' for future arrangements: they're coming to lay a new lawn this afternoon. |
| 195 |
'future continuous' for actions that will be in progress at a point in the future: i imagine we'll be working in the garden all weekend. |
| 196 |
'future continuous' for sth that will happen in the normal course of events: if you need me, i'll be sitting outside in the garden. |
| 197 |
'will' for instant decisions: i'll water the plants if you like. |
| 198 |
'will' for predictions not based on evidence: the pollen will probably make me sneeze. |
| 199 |
the pottery class. |
| 200 |
i've got an idea! |
| 201 |
a tree trunk. |
| 202 |
a log. |
| 203 |
an iguana. |
| 204 |
be in one's exam. |
| 205 |
will is used to make predictions |
| 206 |
precede -- be or go before sth or someone in time or space: it would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction. |
| 207 |
will is often preceded by 'i think' or by opinion words like 'perhaps': i think it'll rain tomorrow. |
| 208 |
'going to' is especially common when we can see the cause of the event: look out! there's a bus coming! it's going to hit us! |
| 209 |
'going to' is especially common when we can see the cause of the event: i can see you're going to have a baby. when is it due?; you're going to fall. |
| 210 |
'going to' is common in impersonal statements: Liverpool are going to win the cup. |
| 211 |
'will' can also is used in impersonal statments, with no change of meaning, compared to 'be going to'. |
| 212 |
no change of meaning. |
| 213 |
future perfect look back from a point in the future. it refers to indefinite time up to that point: by the time we get there, the film will have started. |
| 214 |
the present continuous is used to describe definite, fixed arrangements: sorry, i can't help. i'm leaving in the morning. |
| 215 |
in the present continuous for future there are often social arrangements or appointments and may be written in a diary. |
| 216 |
after the time expressions when, until and as soon as a present tense form is used, although this refers to future time: i'll wait for you here untul you get back. |
| 217 |
after the time expressions when, until and as soon as the present perfect is often used for emphasizing the completion of an event: i'll wait here until you have finished. |
| 218 |
at the sale. |
| 219 |
in ten years' time. |
| 220 |
a press conference. |
| 221 |
phone for a taxi. |
| 222 |
1. sometimes you can guess the meaning of the word by: deciding what part of speech it is (verb, noun, adjective, adverb, etc.). |
| 223 |
2. sometimes you can guess the meaning of the word by: recognising a similar word in your language, or another language. |
| 224 |
3. sometimes you can guess the meaning of the word by: understanding the rest of the sentence and the context in general. |
| 225 |
glittering (adj.) -- having small flashes of bright light. |
| 226 |
unsightly (adj.) -- unpleasant to look at. |
| 227 |
eat Away at (phrasal verb) -- slowly destroy sth. |
| 228 |
orderly (adj.) -- arranged in a neat way. |
| 229 |
flourish (verb) -- develop successfully. |
| 230 |
swoop (verb) -- suddenly fly downwards. |
| 231 |
downwards. |
| 232 |
falcon. |
| 233 |
prey (noun) -- animals that are hunted by other animals. |
| 234 |
prEdator (noun) -- an animal that hunts, kills and eats other animals: all pigeons fear this predator. |
| 235 |
pigeon. |
| 236 |
explOit (verb) -- try to get as much as you can out of a situation; sometimes unfairly: by exploiting this fear, David and his falcons make their living. |
| 237 |
harm (verb) -- physically hurt a person or animal: the falcons don't actually harm the birds they chase. |
| 238 |
tempt (verb) -- try to persuade sb/sth to do sth by making it look attractive: David tempts the falcon back with pieces of meat. |
| 239 |
Aviary (noun) -- a large cage or closed space to keep birds in: David's daily routine starts with cleaning the falcons' aviary. |
| 240 |
clip (verb) -- use a small metal or plastic object to fasten two things together: they have a transmitter clipped to their backs. |
| 241 |
locAte (verb) -- find the exact position of sth: if David loses one he can locate it. |
| 242 |
lurk -- to wait or move in a secret way so that you can't be seen, especially because you're about to attack someone or do sth wrong: why are you lurking around in the hallway? |
| 243 |
the different days. |
| 244 |
get out: when the different days arrive, will you get out your diary? |
| 245 |
my appointments. |
| 246 |
pigeon. |
| 247 |
Zaragoza. |
| 248 |
menace -- sth that is likely to cause harm: drunk drivers are a menace to everyone. |
| 249 |
at the base. at the base of a bridge. |
| 250 |
wels. |
| 251 |
loiter -- move slowly around or stand in a public place without an obvious reason: a gang of youths were loitering outside the cinema. |
| 252 |
leap up: a fish leaps up from below and swallows one of them whole. |
| 253 |
self-appointed -- behaving as if you have responsibility or authority but without having been chosen by other people: the newspaper has become the self-appointed guardian of public morals. |
| 254 |
know-it-all. |
| 255 |
fowl -- a bird; a bird of a type that is used to produce meat or eggs. |
| 256 |
on a chilly afternoon. |
| 257 |
in sight: there were no catfish in sight. |
| 258 |
a passer-by. passers-by. |
| 259 |
unwary -- careless; not conscious of or careful about possible risks and dangers. |
| 260 |
an audience gathered. |
| 261 |
lunge (at) -- attack suddenly: a catfish made an unsuccessful lunge at a pigeon. |
| 262 |
the fishy. the fishy invaders. |
| 263 |
a narrow escape. |
| 264 |
sunlit (adj.) -- receividng a lot of light from the sun: in among the glittering sunlit buildings of Dubai. |
| 265 |
in among. |
| 266 |
droppings: each of these birds produces 12 kilogrammes of dirty and unsightly droppings a year. |
| 267 |
acidic. |
| 268 |
fabric. |
| 269 |
falconry. |
| 270 |
280 kph. |
| 271 |
deadly. |
| 272 |
chase: the falcons don't actually harm the birds they chase. |
| 273 |
eyesight: falcons have tremendous eyesight. |
| 274 |
hood someone up. |
| 275 |
at most. |
| 276 |
cub. foxes play with their cubs. |
| 277 |
i couldn't believe my eyes. |
| 278 |
the last thing i expected to. |
| 279 |
mange: a lot of the foxes had mange - an awful skin disease. |
| 280 |
scent -- a pleasent natural smell: the scent of roses. |
| 281 |
dung -- solid waist from animals, especially cattle and horses: foxes don't like the scent of lion's dung. |
| 282 |
did that do the trick? |
| 283 |
back onto one another. |
| 284 |
inevitable -- certain to happen: climate change is inevitabel. |
| 285 |
damaging -- cause harm: many chemicals have a damaging effect on the environment. |
| 286 |
on the environment. |
| 287 |
disturbing -- make you feel worried, shocked or upset: there's been a disturbing increase in crime in the city. |
| 288 |
wasteful -- use things in a way that doesn't use them efficiently or completely: throwing food away is so wasteful. |
| 289 |
moral -- behave in a way that is thought by most people to be honest and correct: it can be hard to make moral judgements when you're in business. |
| 290 |
moral ~ immoral. |
| 291 |
ethical -- connected to beliefs of what is right and wrong or morally correct: i don't think it's ethical to do experiments on animals. |
| 292 |
ethical ~ unethical. |
| 293 |
legal -- allowed by the law: it's legal to drive in the UK if you're 17 or over. |
| 294 |
17 or over. |
| 295 |
sustainable -- able to continue for a long time: we need a sustainable transport policy. |
| 296 |
sustainable ~ unsustainable. |
| 297 |
justifiable -- acceptable or correct because you're able to see a good reason for it: is it justifiable to cut down forests to make paper? |
| 298 |
justifiable ~ unjustifiable. |
| 299 |
damage and waste are both verbs and uncountable nouns. |
| 300 |
has been obsessed with sth. |
| 301 |
poor thing. |
| 302 |
only ever -- sometimes ever intensify only. |
| 303 |
corkscrew. |
| 304 |
traffic warden. |
| 305 |
sore -- painful and uncomfortable because of injury, infection, or too much use. |
| 306 |
principle. |
| 307 |
principal -- the main. |
| 308 |
carbon footprints. |
| 309 |
1. giving opinions -- it'd be (much) better if (everyone bought...). |
| 310 |
1.2. giving opinions -- i just don't think it's right that... |
| 311 |
1.3. giving opinions -- one argument in favour of (being vegetarian is...). |
| 312 |
1.4. giving opinions -- i think people should (have the right to) ... |
| 313 |
2. giving the opposite opinion -- maybe, but i don't see how (we) can... |
| 314 |
2.1 giving the opposite opinion -- fair enough, but i still think (that)... |
| 315 |
2.2 giving the opposite opinion -- yes, but then again, ... |
| 316 |
2.3 giving the opposite opinion -- well, some people would argue that... |
| 317 |
3. clarifying your position -- no, that's not what i'm trying to say. |
| 318 |
3.1 clarifying your position -- what i meant was... |
| 319 |
3.2 clarifying your position -- no, that's not what i meant. |
| 320 |
3.3 clarifying your position -- all i'm saying is that... |
| 321 |
4. giving yourself time to think -- that's an interesting point. |
| 322 |
4.1 giving yourself time to think -- i've never really thought about that. |
| 323 |
4.2 giving yourself time to think -- um, let me think. |
| 324 |
4.3 giving youyrself time to think -- it's hard to say. |
| 325 |
how long's it going to take to get somewhere? |
| 326 |
12 hours in all with four changes. |
| 327 |
carboon footprint. |
| 328 |
illegal -- not allowed by the law: being here without permission is illegal. |
| 329 |
shortage -- the situation in which there's not enough sth: a world shortage of oil. |
| 330 |
a world shortage of oil. |
| 331 |
inevitable -- certain to happen: i believe that a world shortage of oil is inevitable. |
| 332 |
wasteful -- inefficient and careless: i believe that a world shortage of oil is inevitable if we continue to be so wasteful. |
| 333 |
the rate of: the current rate of oil consumption. |
| 334 |
unsustainable -- impossible to maintain: the current rate of oil consumption is unsustainable. |
| 335 |
disturbing -- shocking and upsetting: the environmental impact of tourism can be disturbing. |
| 336 |
the environmental impact: the environmental impact of tourism can be shocking and upsetting. |
| 337 |
justifiable -- acceptable: her actions were quite justifiable in the circumstances. |
| 338 |
generate for someone's economy: tourism generates for their economies. |
| 339 |
ethical -- morally correct: can producing cigarettes ever be ethical when they're sor harmful to our health? |
| 340 |
damaging -- harmful: they're so harmful to our health. |
| 341 |
twice as much. |
| 342 |
die out -- like die gradually like a group of sth or someone. |
| 343 |
uninhabitable. |
| 344 |
get warmer. |
| 345 |
clean water. |
| 346 |
waste sth on sth: we waste lots of resources on transport. |
| 347 |
courtesy -- polite behaviour, or a polite action or remark: you might get along better with your parents if you showed them some courtesy. |
| 348 |
set an example. |
| 349 |
soya beans. |
| 350 |
go eat. |
| 351 |
what do you fancy? |
| 352 |
a burger. |
| 353 |
a salad sandwich. |
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