| Linux guide 1993 |
| 1 | This is the html version of the file http:ftp.gwdg.delinuxdocuser-guide.ps. Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web. Page 1 The Linux Users' Guide Copyright c1993 Larry Green eld All you need to know to start using Linux, a free Unix clone. This manual covers the basic Unix commands, as well as the more speci c Linux ones. This manual is meant for the beginning Unix user, although it may be useful for more experienced users for reference purposes. |
| 2 | Page 2 i UNIX is a trademark of XOpen MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation OS2 and Operating System2 are trademarks of IBM Linux is not a trademark, and has no connection to UNIX or to Unix System Labratories. Please bring all unacknowledged trademarks to the attention of the author. Copyright cLarry Green eld 427 Harrison Avenue Highland Park, NJ 08904 greenfie@gauss.rutgers.edu The Linux Users' Guide may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in part, subject to the following conditions: 0. |
| 3 | The copyright notice above and this permission notice must be preserved complete on all complete or partial copies. 1. Any translation or derivative work of The Linux Users' Guide must be approved by the author in writing before distribution. 2. If you distribute The Linux Users' Guide in part, instructions for obtaining the complete version of The Linux Users' Guide must be included, and a means for obtaining a complete version provided. |
| 4 | 3. Small portions may be reproduced as illustrations for reviews or quotes in other works without this permission notice if proper citation is given. 4. The GNU General Public License referenced below may be reproduced under the conditions given within it. Exceptions to these rules may be granted for various purposes: Write to Larry Green eld, at the above address, or email greenfie@gauss.rutgers.edu, and ask. |
| 5 | These restrictions are here to protect us as authors, not to restrict you as computer users. Page 3 ii These are some of the typographical conventions used in this book. Bold Used to mark new concepts, WARNINGS, and keywords in a language. italics Used for emphasis in text. It is also used to indicate commands for the user to type when showing screen interaction (see below). slanted Used to mark meta-variables in the text, especially in representations of the command line. |
| 6 | For example, ls -l foo where foo would \stand for" a lename, such as bincp. Typewriter Used to represent screen interaction. Also used for code examples, whether it is \C" code, a shell script, or something else, and to display general les, such as con guration les. When necessary for clarity's sake, these examples or gures will be enclosed in thin boxes. Key Represents a key to press. You will often see it in this form: Press return to continue. |
| 7 | 3 A diamond in the margin, like a black diamond on a ski hill, marks \danger" or \caution." Read paragraphs marked this way carefully. This X in the margin indicates special instructions for users of the X Window System. Page 4 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following people for their invaluable help either with Linux itself, or in writing The Linux Users' Guide: Linus Torvalds for providing something to write this manual about. |
| 8 | Karl Fogel has given me much help with writing my Linux documentation and wrote Chapter 8 and Chapter 9. I cannot give him enough credit. Maurizio Codogno wrote much of Chapter 11. David Channon wrote the appendix on vi. (Appendix C) The fortune program for supplying me with many of the wonderful quotes that start each chap- ter. They cheer me up, if no one else. iii Page 5 iv Page 6 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Who Should Read This Book : 3 1.1.1 What You Should Have Done Before Reading This Book 3 1.2 How to Avoid Reading This Book : : 4 1.3 How to Read This Book : : 4 1.4 Linux Documentation : 5 1.4.1 Other Linux Books : : 5 1.4.2 HOWTOs 5 1.4.3 What's the Linux Documentation Project? |
| 9 | : 5 1.5 Operating Systems : 6 2 What's Unix, anyway? 9 2.1 Unix History : : 9 2.2 Linux History : 10 2.2.1 Linux Now : 11 2.2.2 Trivial Linux Matters : 11 2.2.3 Commercial Software in Linux 11 3 Getting Started 13 3.1 Starting to Use Your Computer 13 3.1.1 Power to the Computer 13 3.1.2 Linux Takes Over : 14 3.1.3 The User Acts : 15 3.2 Leaving the Computer : 16 3.2.1 Turning the Computer O : 17 v Page 7 vi CONTENTS 3.3 Kernel Messages 17 3.3.1 Starting Messages : 18 3.3.2 Run-time Messages : 20 4 The Unix Shell 21 4.1 Unix Commands : : 21 4.1.1 A Typical Unix Command : 22 4.2 Helping Yourself 23 4.3 Storing Information 24 4.3.1 Looking at Directories with ls : : 24 4.3.2 The Current Directory and cd : : 26 4.3.3 Using mkdir to Create Your Own Directories 28 4.4 Moving Information 29 4.4.1 cp Like a Monk : 29 4.4.2 Pruning Back with rm : 30 4.4.3 A Forklift Can Be Very Handy 31 5 The X Window System 33 5.1 What is The X Window System? |
| 10 | : 33 5.2 What's This on my Screen? : : 34 5.2.1 XClock : 34 5.2.2 XTerm 34 5.3 Window Managers : 34 5.3.1 When New Windows are Created : 35 5.3.2 Focus : : 35 5.3.3 Moving Windows 35 5.3.4 Depth : : 36 5.3.5 Iconization and Maximization : 36 5.3.6 Menus : : 37 5.4 Starting and Stopping the X Window System 37 5.4.1 Starting X 37 5.4.2 Exiting X 37 5.5 X Programs : 37 Page 8 CONTENTS vii 5.5.1 Geometry 37 5.5.2 Standard Options : 38 6 Working with Unix 39 6.1 Wildcards : : 39 6.1.1 What Really Happens? |
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